USMLE questions Flashcards
(50 cards)
how is glioblastoma characterised on CT
serpentine border and central areas of necrosis
Densely packed cells with halos of cytoplasm surrounding large
round nuclei are characteristic of
oligodendrogliomas
Sharply demarcated areas of tumor cells located at the grey-white
matter junction are characteristic of
secondary metastatic lesions from a primary tumor elsewhere
in the body, most commonly the breast, lung, thyroid, skin, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract.
CT head: A whorled pattern of concentrically arranged spindle cells with calcified psammoma bodies is characteristic of
meningiomas
conditions with psammoma bodies on histology
papillary thyroid cancer
serous cystadenoma of ovary
meningioma
mesiothilioma
difinitive test to diagnose parkinsons
alpha- synuclein immunostaining
describe huntingtons disease
autosomal dominant
anticipation of CAG repeat
atrophy of the caudate nucleus
chorea and dementia are key features
kidney findings and risks in turners
horseshoe kidney
pelvic kidney
duplicated collecting systems
increased risk of wilms tumour compared to general population
biggest risk factor for transitional cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the kindey respectively
TCC –> smoking
SCC –> schistosomiasis infection
macrophages engulfing RBCs on blood film is characteristic of what
haemophagocytic lymphoschistocytosis
complication of septic shock in kidney and describe it
diffuse cortical necrosis
combination of hypoperfusion, microangiopathic thrombosis, and infarction; thromboses may be present in the arterioles, capillaries, and glomeruli. The areas of necrosis are generally confi ned to the cortex and, on gross examination, are sharply demarcated
extracolonic cancer risks of lynch syndrome
endometrial, ovarian, urinary tract, stomach
which chromosomes is the mutation found in the following conditions
adult PCKD
recessive PCKD
von hippen lindau syndrome
tuberous sclerosis
adult PCKD - chrom 16
recessive PCKD - chrom 6
von hippen lindau syndrome- chrom 3
tuberous sclerosis- chrom 9
clinical and lab findings in DMD
X linked recessive
Symptoms become evident by the age of 5 years and include delayed walking, clumsiness, weakness in the pelvic girdle muscles, and enlargement of the calf muscles
elevated CK
mutation on Xp21 gene encoding dystrophin
what is deficient in phenylketonuria and what are the features?
phenylalanine hydroxylase
catalyses the conversion of phenylanaline to tyrosine
characterized by problems with brain development, mental retardation, and seizures.
what does absence of spectrin lead to
hereditary sperocytosis
what sort of virus is EBV
DNA virus
member of the human herpes virus family (HHV4)
‘owl eyes’
round intranuclear inclusion with perinuclear halo seen in cells affected by
CMV
effects of CMV on immunocompromised
retinitis
pneumonitis
inflammation of GI tract
polyradiculopathy
transverse myelitis
focal encephalopathy
complications of MI
rupture of the ventricular free wall –> tamponade 4-10days (sudden shock with signs of cardiac tamponade, such as the hypotension, distant heart sounds, and elevated jugular venous pressure )
aneurysm due to lack of contractility i infarcted area
arrhythmias - first few days after
fibrinous pericarditis 3-5 days
(chest pain that is relieved when the patient leans forward; often a pericardial friction rub can be auscultated on cardiac examination)
dresslers syndrome- weeks after
papillary muscle rupture 4-10 dys after (acute mitral regurgitation, causing the abrupt onset of heart failure in the setting of a new systolic murmur)
how to differentiate between staphaureus colonisation and staphylococcal colonisation of microflora
coagulase test
staph aureus - coagulase positive
staph epidermidis - coagulase negative
which infection is associated with honey
clostridium botulinum
example of a species with a non immunogenic capsule
strep pyogenes with a hyaluronic capsule
what bacterial species is an unusual obligate intracellular pathogen due to its inability to synthesise ATP
chlamydia
