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1
Q

adeno=

A

glandular

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2
Q

papilloma

A

mucous membrane

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3
Q

carcinoma

A

malignant

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4
Q

sarcoma

A

partially malignant and partially benign

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5
Q

ATP supplies energy to run for how many seconds

A

4

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6
Q

phosphocreatine supplies energy to run for how many seconds

A

15 seconds

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7
Q

free circulating glucose supplies energy for how long

A

4 minutes

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8
Q

how long do glycogen stores last for

A

77 minutes

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9
Q

how long do fat stores last for

A

4+ days

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10
Q

what is incidence

A

no of people that will catch specific disease in a year

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11
Q

prevalence

A

no of people that currently have that specific disease in that year

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12
Q

prevalence is always higher than incidence true/false

A

true

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13
Q

metaplasia

A

change from one mature cell to another

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14
Q

alpha haemolysis

A

dark green

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15
Q

beta haemolysis

A

yellow

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16
Q

gamma haemolysis

A

red

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17
Q

foetal haemoglobin

A

compromised of 2 alpha and 2 gamma subunits- higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin

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18
Q

adult haemoglobin

A

2 alpha and 2 beta subunits

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19
Q

neo-adjuvant treatment

A

given before surgery to shrink tumour for removal

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20
Q

adjuvant treatment

A

given after surgery to reduce risk of recurrence

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21
Q

proto-oncogenes

A

normal genes that stimulate cell division
in cancer, these genes change to oncogenes

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22
Q

tumour suppressor genes

A

inhibit cell division

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23
Q

liquefactive necrosis

A

occurs in brain

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24
Q

coagulative necrosis

A

seen in infarction

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25
Q

caseous necrosis (cheesy)

A

tuberculosis

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26
Q

unambiguous

A

each codon specifies a single amino acid or stop codon only

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27
Q

degenerate

A

a single amino acid coded for by more than one codon

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28
Q

gastric binds to

A

CCK2 receptors

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29
Q

histamine binds via

A

H2 receptors

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30
Q

nonsense mutation

A

premature stop codon

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31
Q

muscarinic receptors in airway smooth muscle cause

A

constriction

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32
Q

Burkitt’s lymphoma

A

c-MYC

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33
Q

neuroblastoma

A

n-MYC

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34
Q

follicular lymphoma

A

BCL-2

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35
Q

pancreatic cancer

A

RAS

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36
Q

ovarian cancer

A

CA-125

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37
Q

which type of HPV causes cervical cancer

A

types 16 and 18

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38
Q

which type of HPV causes genital warts

A

types 6 and 11

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39
Q

stroke volume=

A

EDV-ESV

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40
Q

chronotropic effect

A

effect on heart rate

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41
Q

inotropic effect

A

effect on force of contraction

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42
Q

which cell have a kidney shaped nucleus

A

macrophages

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43
Q

what are found on the cell membranes of macrophages

A

MHC class II molecules

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44
Q

function of mast cells

A

destruction of large parasites that cannot be phagocytosed

45
Q

what junctions are present in the SA node of the heart

A

gap junctions

46
Q

male nipple level

A

T4

47
Q

artery to measure bp

A

brachial artery

48
Q

popliteal pulse

A

posterior to knee joint

49
Q

resident cells of cartilage

A

chondrocytes

50
Q

anti-platelet drug

A

aspirin

51
Q

therapeutic index

A

measurement of relative safety of a drug

52
Q

what is an elevated JVP

A

increased central venous pressure

53
Q

what is clopidogrel

A

an antiplatelet

54
Q

potassium channel activators (eg nicorandil)

A

anti-anginal

55
Q

ECG myocardial ischaemia

A

ST segment depression on exercise

56
Q

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

autosomal dominant, mutations in sarcomere genes

57
Q

flecainide

A

pill in pocket approach for atrial fibrillation

58
Q

fat soluble vitamin metabolism

A

absorbed via micelles

59
Q

most potent stimulus for inhibition of gastric motility

A

fat in the duodenum

60
Q

in screening, the term specificity is defined as

A

the proportion of those who are negative who actually do not have the disease

61
Q

progesterone

A

promotes smooth muscle relaxation (GI)

62
Q

what lines the abdominal cavity

A

epithelium

63
Q

precursor to an enzyme that functions in stomach

A

pepsinogen

64
Q

ejection phase of cell cycle

A

blood from ventricles to pulmonary artery (to lungs) to aorta (to rest of body). Semi-lunar valves open, av valves closed

65
Q

path of conduction in heart

A

SA node, AV node, bundle of his, left and right bundle branches, purkinje fibres

66
Q

normal ejection fraction

A

60%

67
Q

Virchow triad

A

blood flow stasis, hypercoagulability, endothelial injury

68
Q

location of G-protein couple receptors

A

cell membrane

69
Q

where does the hindgut get its blood supply from

A

inferior mesenteric artery

70
Q

chief cells

A

secrete pepsinogen

71
Q

G cells

A

release gastrin- gastrin stimulates parietal cells to promote HCL secretion into stomach

72
Q

myoglobin dissociation curve

A

a hyperbolic curve

73
Q

haemoglobin dissociation curve

A

a sigmoid curve

74
Q

bohr effect on haemoglobin dissociation curve

A

sigmoid curve, shifts right

75
Q

which follows m-m kinetics- haemoglobin or myoglobin?

A

myoglobin

76
Q

ALT>3000

A

likely cause- drug (paracetamol) or ischaemia

77
Q

lesser sac

A

a potential space within the peritoneal cavity that is found anterior to the pancreas and posterior to the stomach

78
Q

stomach

A

an organ supplied by an anastomotic ring of arteries derived from the coeliac trunk

79
Q

intracellular organelle is primarily responsible for the digestion of engulfed
bacteria within the phagocytic cells

A

lysosomes

80
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

helps
process and package proteins and lipid molecules

81
Q

Cardiac myocytes

A

cellular
structures

82
Q

ig forming pentamers

A

serum igM

83
Q

ig monomers

A

cell surface igD/igM

84
Q

sub-cellular organelle where lipids are produced

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

85
Q

cell wall antimicrobials

A

penicillins (amoxicillin as an example), glycopeptides (vancomycin as
an example) and cephalosporins (ceftriaxone as an example

86
Q

Antibiotics that affect nucleic acids

A

metronidazole and
ciprofloxacin

87
Q

drugs that target protein synthesis

A

Aminoglycosides (gentamicin), Tetracyclines (doxycycline/ minocycline) and
Macrolides (Erythromycin)

88
Q

CD8

A

cytotoxic T cell marker

89
Q

CD4

A

identifies helper T cells

90
Q

Which group of serum proteins, when deficient, is most likely responsible for the
patient’s increased susceptibility to bacterial infections

A

complement

91
Q

chronic inflammatory cells

A

lymphocytes and plasma cells

92
Q

granulomatous inflammation

A

aggregates of histocytes

93
Q

acute inflammation

A

neutrophilic

94
Q

histology- lymphocytes

A

small purple dots

95
Q

histology-plasma cells

A

fried eggs

96
Q

histology- macrophages

A

bigger blobby ones

97
Q

histology- eosinophils

A

tomatoes with sunglasses

98
Q

flagella

A

Protein molecules that extend from the surface of bacteria & generate
movement

99
Q

anterior rootlets and roots

A

motor fibres and parasympathetic

100
Q

posterior rootlets and roots

A

contain sensory fibres

101
Q

insulin receptor

A

kinase-linked receptor

102
Q

where does the spinal cord end in children and adults

A

L1/L2

103
Q

ig that is a dimer

A

igA

104
Q

lateral ecg

A

circumflex, i, aVl, v5-6

105
Q

anterolateral ecg

A

left coronary artery, i, avL, v3-6

106
Q

anterior ecg

A

left anterior descending, v1-4

107
Q

legionella

A

gram negative bacilli

108
Q

opioids (morphine, codeine)

A

can cause constipation

109
Q

stable monomorphic ventricular tachycardia

A

amiodarone

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