random Flashcards
1
Q
adeno=
A
glandular
2
Q
papilloma
A
mucous membrane
3
Q
carcinoma
A
malignant
4
Q
sarcoma
A
partially malignant and partially benign
5
Q
ATP supplies energy to run for how many seconds
A
4
6
Q
phosphocreatine supplies energy to run for how many seconds
A
15 seconds
7
Q
free circulating glucose supplies energy for how long
A
4 minutes
8
Q
how long do glycogen stores last for
A
77 minutes
9
Q
how long do fat stores last for
A
4+ days
10
Q
what is incidence
A
no of people that will catch specific disease in a year
11
Q
prevalence
A
no of people that currently have that specific disease in that year
12
Q
prevalence is always higher than incidence true/false
A
true
13
Q
metaplasia
A
change from one mature cell to another
14
Q
alpha haemolysis
A
dark green
15
Q
beta haemolysis
A
yellow
16
Q
gamma haemolysis
A
red
17
Q
foetal haemoglobin
A
compromised of 2 alpha and 2 gamma subunits- higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin
18
Q
adult haemoglobin
A
2 alpha and 2 beta subunits
19
Q
neo-adjuvant treatment
A
given before surgery to shrink tumour for removal
20
Q
adjuvant treatment
A
given after surgery to reduce risk of recurrence
21
Q
proto-oncogenes
A
normal genes that stimulate cell division
in cancer, these genes change to oncogenes
22
Q
tumour suppressor genes
A
inhibit cell division
23
Q
liquefactive necrosis
A
occurs in brain
24
Q
coagulative necrosis
A
seen in infarction
25
caseous necrosis (cheesy)
tuberculosis
26
unambiguous
each codon specifies a single amino acid or stop codon only
27
degenerate
a single amino acid coded for by more than one codon
28
gastric binds to
CCK2 receptors
29
histamine binds via
H2 receptors
30
nonsense mutation
premature stop codon
31
muscarinic receptors in airway smooth muscle cause
constriction
32
Burkitt's lymphoma
c-MYC
33
neuroblastoma
n-MYC
34
follicular lymphoma
BCL-2
35
pancreatic cancer
RAS
36
ovarian cancer
CA-125
37
which type of HPV causes cervical cancer
types 16 and 18
38
which type of HPV causes genital warts
types 6 and 11
39
stroke volume=
EDV-ESV
40
chronotropic effect
effect on heart rate
41
inotropic effect
effect on force of contraction
42
which cell have a kidney shaped nucleus
macrophages
43
what are found on the cell membranes of macrophages
MHC class II molecules
44
function of mast cells
destruction of large parasites that cannot be phagocytosed
45
what junctions are present in the SA node of the heart
gap junctions
46
male nipple level
T4
47
artery to measure bp
brachial artery
48
popliteal pulse
posterior to knee joint
49
resident cells of cartilage
chondrocytes
50
anti-platelet drug
aspirin
51
therapeutic index
measurement of relative safety of a drug
52
what is an elevated JVP
increased central venous pressure
53
what is clopidogrel
an antiplatelet
54
potassium channel activators (eg nicorandil)
anti-anginal
55
ECG myocardial ischaemia
ST segment depression on exercise
56
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
autosomal dominant, mutations in sarcomere genes
57
flecainide
pill in pocket approach for atrial fibrillation
58
fat soluble vitamin metabolism
absorbed via micelles
59
most potent stimulus for inhibition of gastric motility
fat in the duodenum
60
in screening, the term specificity is defined as
the proportion of those who are negative who actually do not have the disease
61
progesterone
promotes smooth muscle relaxation (GI)
62
what lines the abdominal cavity
epithelium
63
precursor to an enzyme that functions in stomach
pepsinogen
64
ejection phase of cell cycle
blood from ventricles to pulmonary artery (to lungs) to aorta (to rest of body). Semi-lunar valves open, av valves closed
65
path of conduction in heart
SA node, AV node, bundle of his, left and right bundle branches, purkinje fibres
66
normal ejection fraction
60%
67
Virchow triad
blood flow stasis, hypercoagulability, endothelial injury
68
location of G-protein couple receptors
cell membrane
69
where does the hindgut get its blood supply from
inferior mesenteric artery
70
chief cells
secrete pepsinogen
71
G cells
release gastrin- gastrin stimulates parietal cells to promote HCL secretion into stomach
72
myoglobin dissociation curve
a hyperbolic curve
73
haemoglobin dissociation curve
a sigmoid curve
74
bohr effect on haemoglobin dissociation curve
sigmoid curve, shifts right
75
which follows m-m kinetics- haemoglobin or myoglobin?
myoglobin
76
ALT>3000
likely cause- drug (paracetamol) or ischaemia
77
lesser sac
a potential space within the peritoneal cavity that is found anterior to the pancreas and posterior to the stomach
78
stomach
an organ supplied by an anastomotic ring of arteries derived from the coeliac trunk
79
intracellular organelle is primarily responsible for the digestion of engulfed
bacteria within the phagocytic cells
lysosomes
80
Golgi apparatus
helps
process and package proteins and lipid molecules
81
Cardiac myocytes
cellular
structures
82
ig forming pentamers
serum igM
83
ig monomers
cell surface igD/igM
84
sub-cellular organelle where lipids are produced
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
85
cell wall antimicrobials
penicillins (amoxicillin as an example), glycopeptides (vancomycin as
an example) and cephalosporins (ceftriaxone as an example
86
Antibiotics that affect nucleic acids
metronidazole and
ciprofloxacin
87
drugs that target protein synthesis
Aminoglycosides (gentamicin), Tetracyclines (doxycycline/ minocycline) and
Macrolides (Erythromycin)
88
CD8
cytotoxic T cell marker
89
CD4
identifies helper T cells
90
Which group of serum proteins, when deficient, is most likely responsible for the
patient's increased susceptibility to bacterial infections
complement
91
chronic inflammatory cells
lymphocytes and plasma cells
92
granulomatous inflammation
aggregates of histocytes
93
acute inflammation
neutrophilic
94
histology- lymphocytes
small purple dots
95
histology-plasma cells
fried eggs
96
histology- macrophages
bigger blobby ones
97
histology- eosinophils
tomatoes with sunglasses
98
flagella
Protein molecules that extend from the surface of bacteria & generate
movement
99
anterior rootlets and roots
motor fibres and parasympathetic
100
posterior rootlets and roots
contain sensory fibres
101
insulin receptor
kinase-linked receptor
102
where does the spinal cord end in children and adults
L1/L2
103
ig that is a dimer
igA
104
lateral ecg
circumflex, i, aVl, v5-6
105
anterolateral ecg
left coronary artery, i, avL, v3-6
106
anterior ecg
left anterior descending, v1-4
107
legionella
gram negative bacilli
108
opioids (morphine, codeine)
can cause constipation
109
stable monomorphic ventricular tachycardia
amiodarone
