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Introduction to The Module

1
Q

Name for types of habitat restoration

A

Re vegetation of mining sites, Wetlands Replacing agriculture removal of invasive species, re-inroduction of native species

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2
Q

What is the normal pH of rain water

A

5.64

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3
Q

what is the normal nitrogen phosphorus ratio

A

16:1

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4
Q

what is limiting if the n-p ratio is greater than 16:1

A

phosphorus

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5
Q

what is limiting if the n-p ratio is less than 16:1

A

nitrogen

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6
Q

Why did the 1st meander of the ere wash silt up

A

Very little flow, vegetation grew too quickly

The entrance to the meander was too small

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7
Q

How is water in man made channels often diverted

A

Using a weir or a rifle structure to slow flow upstream

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8
Q

What plant caused the siltation of lakes and meanders at erewash

A

Reedmace

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9
Q

Why did the erewash scraped perform better than the ponds

A

No siltarion, ponds had introduction of silt from meander

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10
Q

What is another name for reedmace

A

Typha

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11
Q

Why might u but a “Mexican hat” island in the middle of a pond

A

To protect animals in the middle from predation

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12
Q

What is another name for Reed canary grass

A

Phalaris

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13
Q

What physical factors can be determined by BM

A

Hydrological and measure effects of restoration schemes

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14
Q

What values are well known about protozoa sampling

A

Saprobic values

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15
Q

What chemicals are produced just downstream of a point source

A

Methane or hydrogen sulphide highly toxic

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16
Q

What are the oxygen requirements for sewerage fungus

A

6 to 2.5 mg/l

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17
Q

What is the most tolerant algae type

A

Stigeoclonium

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18
Q

Where can filamentos green algae be found

A

Where there are good supplies of nitrate

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19
Q

What does decaying algae reduce

A

Oxygen

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20
Q

What is the most tolerant macrophyte

A

Potamogenton (pond weed)

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21
Q

What is chrinonomus riparius (bloodworm)

A

It’s a non biting midge larva

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22
Q

What is the most tolerant mayfly

A

Baetis rhodani

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23
Q

What did STW cause

A

Point source pollution

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24
Q

How much did scores range by in the extended TBI

A

0 to 15

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25
What are the problems with TBI and Chandler's index
Groups difficult if species and families combined, abundance an issue as this is effected by habitat
26
What are the main creatures in BMWP group 10
Mainly stonesflies and sensitive mayflies and caddis flys
27
What are the main creatures in BMWP group 8
Native crayfish, dragon fly damsel fly and caddis fly
28
What are the main creatures in BMWP group 7
Tolerant mayflies, stone flys and caddis
29
What are the main creatures in BMWP group 6
Snails mussels and shrimps
30
What are the main creatures in BMWP group 5
True bugs such as water boatman and sensitive true flys
31
What are the main creatures in BMWP group 4
Tolerant mayflies and leeches and alderflys
32
What are the main creatures in BMWP group 3
Tolerant snails, bivalves leeches and hoglice
33
What are the main creatures in BMWP group 2
Non biting midges
34
What are the main creatures in BMWP group 1
Worms
35
How do u get ASPT
BMWP divided by number of scoring taxa
36
What is NTAXA in WHPT
Number of taxa contributing to the assessment
37
How many sites is rivpcas based on
835
38
What scores may phytobenthos get
Nutrient sensitivity scores
39
How is the ecological quality ratio calculated
Phybenthos scores compared with predicted scores
40
What does the river macrophyte nutrient index measure
Phosphorus and nitrogen
41
What does the river macrophyte hydraulic index measure
Flow conditions
42
When are BMWP scores normal taken
Sprint summer autumn
43
What is liming
Addition if calcium carbonate to increase the streams buffering tolerance
44
How does ledger describe acidification
Large scale removal of biodiversity
45
What are the main functional feeding groups
Collectors (filtering and gathering)_blackfly larvae Scrapers (grazers)_ maylfy nymph snails Shredders_ crane fly larvae crustaceans Predators_ dragon fly nymph
46
Why can some species of macroinvetebrate survive during acidic conditions
Have a large functional niche and so can change feeding patterns such as lecturid stone flys which go from shredders to grazers
47
What are the 2 stages of woolsey premilimary survey
Definition of objectives, choice of restoration measures
48
What are the two stages of woolseys project planning
Detailed planning of the restoration measures which will be carried out, planning od project assessment
49
What are the categories of macro invertebrate metrics
Richness, composition, Tolerance, feeding, habitat
50
What did gore say about ecosystem recovery
A return to an ecosystem which closely resembles undressed surrounding areas of source areas
51
What type of restoration is rarely possible
True restoration
52
What flow has high magnitude low frequency
Large floods
53
What are the benefits of large floods
Floodplain formation, wood recruitment
54
What are the ecological functions of base flows
Seed establishments and spawning flows
55
What are the ecological functions of low flows
Maintain rearing habitat, maintain vegetation
56
What are the ecological functions of channel forming floods
Habitat formation, gravel transport
57
What is an idealised system in terms of plantation
Good riparian vegetation
58
Why do farmers often want channelisation
Protect stock and reduce flooding
59
What are the main reasons for modifying channels
Regulation, urbanization, mining, flood control, irrigation, forestry
60
As rivers are not normally restored what are we actually doing to them
Rehabilitation
61
What scale must we work at for rover restoration
Catchment scale
62
What is stage 1 in Peterson's building block model
Establish buffer strip
63
What is the second step in Peterson's building block model
Plant with quick growing native plants, stabilize banks and provide nutrient retention
64
What happens to nitrogen in buffer strips
De nitriffied
65
What is the third step in Petersons building block model
Reduce slide slope which will reduce erosion
66
What is the 4th stage to petersons model
Remeander the stream
67
What is the 5th stage of petersons model
Add cobbles and boulders in the river
68
What are BMPs good for
Limiting damage to streams and enhancing restoration projects
69
What does TMDL help with
Total maximum daily loads, help to manage the about of nitrate and chemicals going into the water
70
What is rip rap
Layer of erodable material used to protect stream bank
71
What are the sizes of rocks used for rip rap
Angular 0.1 to 0.8 m in size
72
What does rip rap do to the river flow
High flow gets drown towards bank, gravel bar forms on the inside of the bed, makes outer bend deeper
73
What can reduce fow difficulties created by rip rap
Bank barbs, drags flow inwards, often Gabions used
74
What does the rock base do in willow spilling,l
Stops the bank collapsing
75
What is the cost of willow spilling
£115/m
76
What is geo textiling used for
To fix fill to the banks
77
Why might willow mattresses not always work
High flows river too big
78
How much is log toe revetment
146 per meter
79
What did they do on the Ogwen to improve heterogeneity of habitat
Bolder placement in the stream
80
Why might u not put log jams in streams
Will flood
81
What may u use in tandem with increasing flow velocity
Bank toe revetments
82
How long are logs in current flow reflectors
5 to 6 meters
83
Why would u use type b reflectors
Use in faster flow
84
Why would u add aquatic ledges
To increase the flow of the stream/ narrow
85
How much did it cost to re meander a 900m long stretch of the ouse
£15000
86
Why are the back waters 2 meters deep
To stop from over growing and siltation
87
Why might it take a while for fish to use spawning gravels
Need to be stable
88
How might u maintain gravels
Use of gabions
89
How are log sills used
To trap boulders and gravels for spawning
90
Why are there pools in a fishways
So fish can rest
91
What is crucial in fishways to make then attractive for fish
Attraction flow
92
In cold environments what might be added to culverts to reduce icing up
Electricity
93
How can u reduce river runoff in urban areas
Reduce paving of roads and make roads smaller
94
What should be the minimum length of monitoring
5 years

Year 3 River Restoration (11 decks)

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