Random Ortho Flashcards
1st class lever
fulcrum/axis is located BETWEEN the force and resistance
designed for balance
examples:
- head on C1 moving into flexion/extension
- playground seesaw
2nd class lever
The axis is at one end, the resistance is in the middle and the force is at the other end
designed for power
Examples:
- closed chain PF
- a wheelbarrow
3rd class lever
The axis is at one end, force is in the middle and resistance is at the other end
**most common lever in the human body- advantage for ROM
Examples:
-elbow or knee flexion
Plumb line description
Should fall through:
- external meatus of ear
- acromion process
- hip joint
Posterior to the patella
Anterior to the lateral malleolus
(in this position, the soles muscle is the most active muscle to maintain the body’s balance. it contracts to counter the forward moment of the tibia around the ankle joint)
What is a capsular pattern?
a restriction of motion that results when the length and flexibility of the capsular fibers are impaired
if a lesion causes a restriction of movement that is not characteristic of the pattern, it is known as a non capsular pattern
What are 4 possible causes of non capsular patterns?
ligaments
adhesions
internal derangements
extra-articular lesions
Glenohumeral capsular/restriction pattern:
ER>abduction>flexion>IR
elbow capsular pattern:
flexion>ext
radioulnar capsular pattern:
pronation=supination
wrist capsular pattern:
flexion=extension
interphalangeal capsular pattern:
flexion>extension
hip capsular pattern:
flexion>IR>abduction
knee capsular pattern:
flexion>extension
ankle capsular pattern:
PF>DF
toe capsular pattern:
extension>flexion
arthrokinematics=
movement between joint surfaces
1-roll
2- slide
3- spin
osteokinematics=
movement between 2 bones (flex, ext, etc)
Slow twitch (type I) muscle fibers:
red oxidative muscle fibers
allow for aerobic work and specialize in muscular endurance activities
resistant to fatigue, contract slowly and are highly efficient for aerobic activities
description: tonic/postural
more common in: extensor muscles
Fast twitch (type II) muscle fibers:
white glycolytic muscle fibers
anaerobic and are not as vascular as type I, although they do contract at a higher speed and with more force than type I
*fatigue rapidly
these fibers are larger in diameter than red fibers and are used for activities that require speed, strength and power
Can be further broke down into IIA, IIAB and IIB
-differ mostly in regard to endurance and are falsified as intermediate fiber types with both an aerobic and anaerobic capacity
description: phasic/mobility
more common in: flexor muscles
Isometric exercise
a static contraction at a particular point in the ROM
development of strength is highly specific to the position at which the muscle contracts
useful if desired to limit joint motion following injury or surgery or if painful
resistance is accommodating, variable and controlled by patient
patients with vascular or cardiac disease should refrain from isometric due to the sharp rise in BP and workload on the heart. Valsalva’s maneuver should be avoided
Isotonic exercise
disadvantages?
exercise occurs throughout the ROM with the same resistance or weight and variable speed of movement
resistance is fixed at the max load that allows the completion of the movement and should be no greater than that of the weakest joint position
Disadvantages:
- lack of aerobic conditioning
- no development of quickness
- no accommodation to fatigue or pain
- increased muscle soreness with eccentric contractions
Concentric vs eccentric
Closed vs. open chain
Concentric exercise
shortening
contraction occurs when the muscle shortens as it contracts to overcome the external resistance or weight
Eccentric exercise
lengthening
contraction occurs when the muscle lengthens while developing tension and lowering the external resistance in a controlled manner. it generates considerable muscle force and can cause significant muscle fiber trauma
Isokinetic exercise
occurs at a constant, preset speed in which the resistance is variable and accommodates as the force of contraction varies throughout the ROM
safe, objective measurements and max tension at all points in the ROM
slow speed settings generally result in strength gains that are specific to that particular velocity
exercising at high speeds increases muscular endurance with some muscle hypertrophy
TORQUE = the amount of F used times the perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation
-As the angular velocity of the apparatus is increased, the peak torque generated by the patient is decreased.
Manual resistance exercises are really a form of isokinetic exercise due to the variable resistance provided by the PT.
