Random Questions

Question 1

Griffiths experiment

Answer 1

Indicated that transformation not only can cause virulence but many times allow organism to develop antibiotic resistance

Question 2

Inducer

Answer 2

molecule that starts the gene expression/ use quorum sensing to produce and secret

Question 3

Constitutive Enzyme

Answer 3

are synthesized constantly; the genes that encode these enzymes are always active. Constitutive enzymes usually play indispensable roles in the central meta- bolic pathways.

Question 4

Genotype

Answer 4

complete heritable genetic identiy

Question 5

Phenotype

Answer 5

description of your actual physical characteristics

Question 6

Genome

Answer 6

organism’s complete set of DNA, including all of its genes.

Question 7

Pentose Sugar

Answer 7

surgar molecule containing 5 carbons

Question 8

nitrogenous base

Answer 8

contains element nitrogen

Question 9

Purine

Answer 9

nitrogen containing double ring compound, adenine and guanine

Question 10

Pyrimidine

Answer 10

nitrogen containing single ring compoound, cytosine and thymine

Question 11

How many nitrogenous pairs to make an amino acid

Answer 11

3, called triplet

Question 12

Addition Mutation

Answer 12

caush a shift in the reading frame of codons can lead to alteration in protein translation.

Question 13

Insertion

Answer 13

changes # of dna bases in gene by adding piece of dna, gene may not function properly

Question 14

missense mutation

Answer 14

change in one dna base pair results in substitution of one amino acid for another protein.

Question 15

nonsense mutation

Answer 15

change in one dna pair, but signals a stop. shortened sequence

Question 16

Deleteion

Answer 16

deletes # of dna bases, alter function resulting proteins

Question 17

framshift

Answer 17

addition/loss of dna bases changes reading fram.

Question 18

Mutated Dna can be repaired by

Answer 18

Sos Repair, Light repair and Dark Repair

Question 19

Sos Repair

Answer 19

Therefore, bacteria have a mechanism, termed SOS repair, that bypasses the damaged DNA and allows replica- tion to continue. The damaged DNA activates the expression of over 30 genes which encode the SOS system.

Question 20

Light repair

Answer 20

enzyme uses the energy of visible light to break the covalent bond of the thymine dimer, restoring the DNA to its original state Because light is required for this mechanism, it is called photoreactivation, or light repair. This

Question 21

Dark Repair

Answer 21

enzyme recognizes the major distortions in DNA that result from thymine dimer formation. In this process, excision repair, or dark repair, the enzyme makes single-stranded cuts that flank both sides of the damaged region, resulting in excision of the region

Question 22

Auxotroph

Answer 22

A microorganism that requires an organic growth factor.

Question 23

Prototroph

Answer 23

A microorganism that has no requirements for organic growth factors because it can synthesize them.

Question 24

wild type

Answer 24

an organism having an appearance that is characteristic of the species in a natural breeding population.

Question 25

Genetic Recombination

Answer 25

is the process by which two DNA molecules exchange genetic information, resulting in the production of a new combination of alleles.

Question 26

How can genes be transfered between microorganisms

Answer 26

horizontal gene transfer= Transmission of DNA from one bacterium to another through conjugation, DNA-mediated transformation, or transduction; also called lateral gene transfer.

Question 27

Transduction vs conjugation vs transformation

Answer 27

Transform-bacterium dna from environment Transduct-virus infects a bacteria dna entrapped in the viral capside Conjugation-bacterium transfers dna directly to another bacterium

Question 28

Competent

Answer 28

Physiological condition in which a bacterial cell is capable of taking up DNA.

Question 29

Transduction in prokaryotes use this type of virus

Answer 29

bacteriophages

Question 30

Sex Pilus

Answer 30

Thin protein appendage required for attachment of two bacteria prior to DNA transfer by conjugation. Also called F pilus.

Question 31

Why is gene transfer important in hospital setting?

Answer 31

antibiotic resistance

Question 32

transposable element

Answer 32

or transposon) Gene that moves from one DNA molecule to another within the same cell or from one site on a DNA molecule

Question 33

Restriction enzymes

Answer 33

Type of enzyme that recognizes | and cleaves a specific sequence of DNA.

Question 34

Gene Cloning

Answer 34

researchers can isolate genes from one organism, manipulate the purified DNA in vitro, and then transfer the genes into another organism, a process called gene cloning.

Question 35

What is a vector

Answer 35

(1) In molecular biology, a piece of DNA that acts as a carrier of a cloned fragment of DNA.

Question 36

Genetic Probe

Answer 36

single straned dna/rna hybridize to a target sequence, detection in nucleic acid sequence

Question 37

Dna Hybridizalation

Answer 37

used to determine genetic distance between two species

Question 38

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Answer 38

Method used to create millions of copies of a given region of DNA in only a matter of hours.

Question 39

Vitro

Answer 39

using PCR to create copies of fragments