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Nephrology Fellowship Reviewer > Random Recall Part 1 > Flashcards

Random Recall Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Egfr range that vascular access should be considered

A

20-25

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2
Q

level of GFR (ml/min/1.73m2) does insulin resistance become deranged in uremic carbohydrate metabolism

A

50

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3
Q

Biopsy of skin tissue showed fibroblast- like cell that stained with procollagen I and CD34

A

Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis

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4
Q

bone biopsy: Histologic results show increased rate of bone formation, increased bone resorption, extensive osteoclastic and osteoblastic activity and progressive increase in endosteal peritrabecular fibrosis

A

Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica

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5
Q

hormonal dysfunction leads to sexual dysfunction in both males and female patients with CKD

A

increase prolactin

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6
Q

average latency period (in days) before the onset of nephritis in postpharygitic cases of post streptococcal glomerulonephritis

A

7-21 days

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7
Q

type of membranoproliferative GN is a retinal examination indicated

A

Dense Deposit Disease

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8
Q

minimum adequate amount of specimen needed for transplant biopsies

A

10 glomeruli 2 arteries

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9
Q

parasitic disease cause glomerular involvement owing to reduced expression of complement receptor 1

A

Malaria

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10
Q

antihypertensive medications used in pregnancy has been associated with fetal growth restriction

A

Atenolol

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11
Q

physiologic mechanisms during pregnancy exacerbates renal damage in patients with preexisting renal disease

A

Increase RBF and GFR

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12
Q

primary mechanism of water, sodium, and chloride transport in the descending thin limb of the Loop of Henle

A

passive diffusion

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13
Q

renal tumor can cause excess aldosterone leading to hypertension and hypokalemia

A

renal juxtaglomerular tumor

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14
Q

type of renal angiomyolipoma that is known to be locally aggressive, have the ability to metastasize, and tend to recur

A

epithelioid

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15
Q

asymptomatic microscopic hematuria

A

more than 3 RBC/HPF in at least two of three samples

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16
Q

pathophysiologic mechanism of Cisplatin-induced AKI

A

tubular toxicity

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17
Q

renal autoregulation works until a mean systemic arterial blood pressure of

A

80 mmhg

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18
Q

most important substance produced by the endothelium for BP regulation

A

nitric oxide

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19
Q

30% of NaCl reabsorption occur

A

loop of henle

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20
Q

transcellular NaCl via a Cl-OH exchanger in the proximal tubule is mediated by which protein

A

SLC26A6

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21
Q

vasopressin in NaCl transport in the TAL

A

apical Na K 2Cl cotransport

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22
Q

major mechanism of potassium transport in proximal tubule

A

paracellular pathway

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23
Q

estrogen in Calcium transport

A

decrease urine ca excretion

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24
Q

primary collagen producing cells during kidney injury

A

myofibroblasts

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25
hematuria secondary to pigment nephropathy
positive for blood and urine RBC is 0-2/hpf
26
layer of the peritoneum is duplicated after long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD) treatment or ex- posure to a high glucose concentration
Submesothelial basement membrane
27
minimum ultrafiltration volume (ml) needed to determine ultrafiltration failure in a PD patient who undergoes peritoneal equilibration test (PET)
400
28
benefits of icodextrin use
Better lipid profile, lower mortality, regression of LVH
29
level of GFR (ml/min/1.73m2) does insulin resistance become deranged in uremic carbohydrate metabolism
50
30
laboratory test can be used as an index for monitoring the evolution of renal osteodystrophy and serves as a surrogate measure of bone turnover
Parathyroid hormone
31
disorder shows progressive hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the parathyroid hormone and is one of the hallmarks of disordered mineral metabolism in CKD
tertiary hyperparathyroidism
32
primary mechanism of water, sodium, and chloride transport in the descending thin limb of the Loop of Henle
passive diffusion
33
marked renal physiologic change induced by hypokalemia
NaCl retention
34
Na cotransporter affected in pseydohypoaldosterinusm type II (Gordon syndrome)
NCC
35
transport channel affords the ability to increase reabsorption of sodium within the CCD without affecting potassium secretion
Thiazide sensitive NCC
36
hypoK, low renin, high aldo
primary hyperaldosteronism
37
treatment of PA
sprinoloctone
38
Treatment for PHA I
NaCl
39
hyperK, high renin, high aldo
Pseudohypoaldosteronism
40
hyperK low renin low aldo
hypreninimec hypoaldo
41
treatment of hyporenin hypoaldo
loop diuretics
42
stimulates sodium reabsorption in the thick ascending limb
Vasopressin, PTH, glucaogon, calcitonin, B adrenergic agonist
43
1, alpha, 25(OH)D decrease/increase expression of calbindin D
increase
44
The parathyroid hormone decrease/increase the activity of TRPV5 channels
increase
45
Furosemide activates/inhibits NaK2Cl cotransport type 2
inhibits
46
Ca sensing receptor activation inhibits/activates NKCC2 activity
inhibits
47
DIalysis water contaminant causing cardiac arrhythmia and death
fluoride
48
dialysis water contaminant causing osteomalacia, microcytic anemia, dialysis associated encephalopathy – dementia and movement disorder
Aluminum
49
most frequent cause of early recurrence of primary disease in post-transplant patients
FSGS
50
increased production of cytokines by renal cell carcinoma causing abnormal liver function test
Stauffer's syndrome
51
most common cell origin of renal cell carcinoma
proximal tubule - clear cell
52
primary phenotypic structural lesion in PKD lies in this cellular organism
cilium
53
radiologic feature that best predicts the rate of decline of kidney function
baseline kidney volume
54
treatment of salicylate poisoning
hemodialysis
55
granular cells that contain renin and its precursor are found in
afferent arteriole
56
segment of the renal circulation which has the highest hydraulic pressure
arcuate artery
57
Decrease in Colloid Osmotic pressure leads to inc/dec in SNGFR
Increase in SNGFR
58
30% of the filtered NaCl is reabsorbed in this segment via the Na-K-2Cl co-transporter.
Loop of Henle
59
the site of the glomerulotubular balance wherein the fractional reabsorption of Na increases as the GFR increases
proximal tubule
60
Reabsorption of filtered Na occurs in this segment via the Na-H exchange transporter.
proximal tubule
61
About 10% of the filtered NaCl is reabsorbed in this segment via the NaCl co-transporter (NCC).
DCT
62
Reabsorption of Na without Cl occurs in this segment via the highly selective epithelial Na channel (ENaC).
CCD
63
Regulated K secretion occurs in the principal cells of this segment
CCD
64
major site of tubular Mg reabsorption.
Loop of henle
65
major site of tubular phosphate reabsorption
proximal tubule
66
HCTZ will increase/decrease Ca reabsorption in the proximal tubule
increase Ca reabsorption
67
major regulator of renal phosphate handling
PTH
68
Most of the bicarbonate reabsorption in the proximal tubule involves this transporter.
NHE
69
Bicarbonate secretion into the tubular lumen via the bicarbonate-Cl exchanger (pendrin) occurs in the
Type B intercalated Cells
70
metabolism of this amino acid leads to the formation and secretion of two ammonium (NH4) ions and the formation and reabsorption of two bicarbonate ions.
Glutamine
71
Pregnancy has inc/dec AQP2
increase
72
chief site of dilution of the urine regardless of vasopressin (ADH) activity
loop of henle
73
the major solute that accounts for the medullary hypertonicity
urea
74
“Hyperdynamic Circulation Theory” postulates that sodium and water retention in cirrhosis is brought about by increased production of this substance
Nitric Oxide
75
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) caused by hypercalcemia
intrarenal vasoconstriction
76
electrolyte abnormality is commonly associated with aminoglycoside and cisplatin induced Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)
hypomagnesemia
77
mechanism involved in Uric Acid -induced ATN
direct tubular toxicity
78
biomarker may be used to differentiate pre-renal AKI from ATN
NGAL
79
most sensitive index in differentiating pre-renal AKI from ischemic ATN
FeNa
80
Drug that may increase GFR in AKI
natriuretic peptide
81
the KDOQI guidelines, what is the maximum duration for using an internal jugular (IJ) vein catheter to minimize the risk of infection
2 weeks
82
action of Fenoldopam in the management of AKI
renal vasodilation'; selective dopamine agonist
83
Decreased GFR in patients with DM nephropathy is due to
decrease in filtration sruface from mesangial expansion
84
optimal renoprotective dose of Losartan in DM nephropathy
100 mg/day
85
most appropriate treatment modality for asymptomatic bacteriuria in elderly patients without renal or urologic abnormalities
no treatment needed
86
The rate of decrease in creatinine clearance in elderly patients is
0.8 ml/min/1.73 m2
87
Hyponatremia in the elderly is due to
enhanced osmotic AVP release.
88
Restriction of potassium intake should start when the estimated GFR is below
30 ml/min
89
vitamin is contraindicated in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
Vitamin E
90
confirmatory test for the diagnosis of Acute Interstitial Nephritis
Hansel staining for eosinophils in the urine
91
complication of chronic analgesic abuse
renal papillary necrosis
92
Down-regulation of the Aquaporin 2 channels in the collecting tubules due to Lithium Toxicity leads to
Nephrogenic DI
93
nephritogenic type of Group A Streptococci lead to nephritis after either a pharyngitis or pyoderma
M type 49
94
the presence of adventitial and periadventitial fibrosis would be consistent with
radiation nephritis
95
Renal medullary carcinoma associated with
sickle cell disease
96
the most common cause of renal failure in patients with sickle cell disease
FSGS
97
drug would directly damage the endothelium causing renal artery thrombosis
cocaine
98
most common type of renal artery aneurysm, arising at bifurcation of renal artery
saccular renal artery aneurysm
99
most common virus causing hemorrhagic cystitis in schoolchildren
adenovirus
100
seen in malakoplakia and not in xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
Michaelis Gutmann bodies
101
Michaelis Guttman bodies are found in
Macrophages
102
uremic toxin that inhibits nitric oxide
methylated arginines
103
Vitamin D2 and D3 bind to vitamin D-binding protein and circulate to the liver where it is hydroxylated to:
25(OH)2D
104
inhibits extraskeletal calcification
MGP
105
induces vascular calcification
BMP2
106
most frequent cause of inadequate response to recombinant human erythropoietin administration is
iron deficiency
107
Erythropoietin exerts its greatest influence on which of the erythrocyte progenitor.
CFU-E
108
Maximal fluid removal occurs during the first 8 to10 minutes of a PD dwell. This is due mostly to:
ultrapores
109
major site of resistance to peritoneal transport is provided by the:
peritoneal endothelium and basement membrane
110
contribution of a capillary to peritoneal transport depends on its proximity to the mesothelium.
distributive model for peritoneal transport
111
Hypervascular peritoneal | membrane
Type 1 UF
112
. Excess lymphatic absorption
Type 3 UF
113
Reduced peritoneal surface area
Type 2 UF
114
The most common type of bone disease found in PD patients is:
Adynamic bone disease
115
Clearance of small molecular weight substances in HD
blood flow
116
Clearance of small molecular weight substances in HD
membrane permeability
117
dialyzer property determines the permeability of the membrane to high-molecular-weight substances and the degree of biocompatibility.
hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties of the membrane
118
agent associated with hemolysis and Heinz-body hemolytic anemia.
choramines
119
The anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody alemtuzumab may be associated with acute rejection at a time corresponding to the repopulation of his T cell repertoire at what time period
6 months
120
anti-IL2R monoclonal antibody is targeted therapy against
activated cells
121
immunosuppression is recommended because it reduces the risk for reactivation of HCV
cyclosporine

Nephrology Fellowship Reviewer (29 decks)

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