Random words to learn (2) Flashcards

Question

# adjective mild | /maɪld/

Answer 1

* not violent, severe, or extreme * Mild weather is not very cold or not as cold as usual * used to describe food or a food flavour that is not very strong * gentle and calm | vừa vừa, nhẹ /không khắc nghiệt/ vừa vừa/ nhẹ nhàng, chắt chiu, êm ái ## Footnote * She can't accept even mild criticism of her work. * He has suffered a mild heart attack - nothing too serious. * We've had a mild winter this year. * He doesn't like a hot curry - he prefers a mild one. * a mild chilli sauce * a shy, mild sort of guy

Answer 2

* having only a short distance from the top to the bottom * consisting of very few people or things | nông, không sâu ## Footnote * The stream was fairly shallow so we were able to walk across it. * She told her children to stay in the shallow end (of the swimming pool). * Fry the onions in a shallow pan. * These beech trees have shallow roots (= roots which do not go very deep into the ground). * We are dealing with a very shallow pool of candidates.

Answer 3

* not showing serious or careful thought or real understanding * not completely certain or convincing | ngu dốt, nông cạn/ (lập luận, lý lẽ) không vững chắc ## Footnote * I thought the film was pretty shallow. * He's physically attractive, but shallow. * Many natives see their rural way of life here increasingly circumscribed by outside "environmentalists" with shallow local roots.

Answer 4

the shallow part of an area of water | vùng nước nông ## Footnote Alligators live in the shallows.

Answer 5

* to stop something unwanted from spreading or increasing * to stop the flow of a liquid such as blood | ngăn chặn, giảm ## Footnote * These measures are designed to stem the rise of violent crime. * We must take action to stem the tide of resignations. * She tied a handkerchief around the wound to stem the flow of blood.

Answer 6

* a central part of something from which other parts can develop or grow, or which forms a support * the small part on the side of a watch that you turn to move the hands (= parts that point to the numbers), or to make the watch operate | chân, cành, nhành/ núm vặn đồng hồ

Answer 7

a narrow area of water that connects two larger areas of water | eo biển ## Footnote The strait lies between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.

Answer 8

* the condition of having lost some control of your actions or behaviour under the influence of a drug * a feeling of being happy, excited, and slightly out of control | say, nghiện (lạm dụng chất kích thích)/ sự nồng nhiệt, hăng say ## Footnote * The driver showed no signs of intoxication. * Severe intoxication can lead to death. * I felt the intoxication of youth. * The intoxication inspired by his victory wore off, and he felt flat.

Answer 9

of (music sung by) a choir or a chorus ## Footnote * choral music * a choral society

Answer 10

* a song of praise that Christians sing to God * a song of praise, esp. to God | thánh ca

Answer 11

a poem expressing the writer's thoughts and feelings about a particular person or subject, usually written to that person or subject | bài thơ bài kệ ## Footnote "Ode to a Nightingale" and "Ode on a Grecian Urn" are poems by Keats.

Answer 12

famous, well respected, and admired | lừng danh, lừng lẫy, (lỗi lạc) ## Footnote She comes from an illustrious political family that includes two former Cabinet ministers. **Synonym: distinguished**

Answer 13

in a friendly and pleasant way | thân ái, khiêm cung, khiêm cung ## Footnote * He smiled genially. * The evening began genially and informally.

Answer 14

famous, respected, or important | lỗi lạc ## Footnote an eminent historian

Answer 15

* used to describe a respected and admired person, or their work * used to describe a person, especially an older person, who looks formal, stylish, or wise | lừng lẫy, lừng danh/ nổi bật, dễ nhận biết ## Footnote * a distinguished writer/director/politician * a distinguished career * I think grey hair on a man can look very distinguished.

Answer 16

a person who has sex with someone for money | 4`

Answer 17

* used when something illegal or wrong is said to have been done, but has not been proved * used when something is said to be true but has not been proved | cáo buộc, buộc tội (vô chứng cứ) ## Footnote * That's where he allegedly killed his wife. * She was arrested for allegedly stealing a car. * It’s a collection of recipes which allegedly can be prepared in 30 minutes. * Two oil companies allegedly spent $6 million trying to free two surviving grey whales trapped in the Arctic ice.

Answer 18

bringing the pleasure of love or caring about someone or something that is important to you | đầy tình thương yêu ## Footnote Her most cherished possession is a 1926 letter from F. Scott Fitzgerald.

Answer 19

* to love, protect, and care for someone or something that is important to you * to keep hopes, memories, or ideas in your mind because they are important to you and bring you pleasure | yêu thương/ gìn giữ, trân trọng ## Footnote * Although I cherish my children, I do allow them their independence. * Her most cherished possession is a 1926 letter from F. Scott Fitzgerald. * Freedom of speech is a cherished (= carefully protected) right in this country. * I cherish the memories of the time we spent together.

Answer 20

not having any connection with religion | vô thần ## Footnote * We live in an increasingly secular society, in which religion has less and less influence on our daily lives. * secular education * a secular state

Answer 21

* the process of making a substance pure * a small change that improves something | sự tinh chế, tinh luyện/ sự tinh chỉnh, cải tiến ## Footnote * The refinement of raw opium yields other drugs, such as morphine. * These refinements have increased the machine's accuracy by 25 percent. * Clearly, the hypothesis does need some refinement, in the light of these surprising results.

Answer 22

* completely developed or trained * completely developed, or having all the qualities necessary to be considered as something | hoàn thiện, viên mãn ## Footnote * What started as a small business is now a fully fledged company. * After years of study, Tim is now a fully fledged architect.

Answer 23

* something that shows what a situation is like * a device that shows a value or a change in level, speed, etc. * a sign or signal that shows something exists or is true, or that makes something clear | dấu hiệu/ thước đo/ dấu hiệu ## Footnote * Commodity prices can be a useful indicator of inflation, he claimed. * an economic indicator * The car has an overhead console with a compass and outside temperature indicator. * Housing permits are an indicator of the state’s economic health. * The car’s speedometer and temperature indicator were broken.

Answer 24

to show something to be true, or to support a claim with facts | chứng minh ## Footnote * We have evidence to substantiate the allegations against him. * Reports that children had been hurt have not been substantiated.

Answer 25

to supply or produce something positive such as a profit, an amount of food or information | mang lại, đem lại, sản sinh ra ## Footnote * an attempt to yield increased profits * The investigation yielded some unexpected results. * Favourable weather yielded a good crop.

Answer 26

* to bend or break under pressure * to stop in order to allow other vehicles to go past, especially before you drive onto a bigger road **(UK: give way)** | bị bẻ, uốn/ nhường đường ## Footnote * His legs began to yield under the sheer weight of his body. * If you're going downhill, you need to yield to bikers going uphill.

Answer 27

an amount of something positive, such as food or profit, that is produced or supplied | sản lượng, lợi nhuận ## Footnote * Crop yields have risen steadily. * Yields on gas and electricity shares are consistently high.

Answer 28

to give up the control of or responsibility for something, often because you have been forced to | đành phải chấp nhận, miễn cưỡng, cam chịu ## Footnote * They were forced to yield (up) their land to the occupying forces. * Despite renewed pressure to give up the occupied territory, they will not yield.

Answer 29

something that makes someone who is sad or disappointed feel better | sự an ủi ## Footnote * If it's (of) any consolation (to you), you're not the only one he was nasty to. * I didn't know what to say - I just offered a few words of consolation.

Answer 30

to spend a lot of money on buying goods, especially expensive goods | vung tiền ## Footnote * I feel like splurging (out) on a new dress. * I can happily splurge 3,000 pounds in one day.

Answer 31

* shared by, typical of, or relating to a whole group of similar things, rather than to any particular thing * generic drugs or other products do not have a trademark and are sold without the name of the company that produced them | (thuộc) chung ## Footnote The new range of engines all had a generic problem with their fan blades.

Answer 32

*[intransitive, transitive, usually passive]* * if two or more things intertwine or are intertwined, they are twisted together so that they are very difficult to separate * to be or become very closely connected with something/somebody else | buộc lại, quyện lại/ gắn bó, khăng khít ## Footnote * The town's prosperity is inextricably intertwined with the fortunes of the factory. * The trees' branches intertwined to form a dark roof over the path.

Answer 33

busy noisy activity of a lot of people in one place | tấp nập và vội vã ## Footnote We escaped from the hustle and bustle of the city for the weekend.

Answer 34

calm and peaceful and without noise, violence, worry, etc. | yên bình ## Footnote * She stared at the tranquil surface of the water. * The hotel is in a tranquil rural setting. * A spasm of pain crossed his normally tranquil features.

Answer 35

* to stick or be attached firmly to a surface * to stick to something ## Footnote * A smooth, dry surface helps the tiles adhere to the wall. * Glue won’t adhere to any surface that’s wet.

Answer 36

to feel or show great happiness about something | hân hoan ## Footnote * Everyone rejoiced at the news of his safe return. * She rejoiced in her good fortune. * [ + to infinitive ] I rejoiced to see that she had made such a quick recovery.

Answer 37

* the state of being completely forgotten * the state of being completely destroyed * the state of being unconscious | sự lãng quên/ sự tan hoang/ sự bơ phờ ## Footnote * He was another minor poet who was consigned to oblivion. * These toys will be around for a year or two, then fade/slide/sink into oblivion. * The planes bombed the city into oblivion. * He sought oblivion in a bottle of whisky.

Answer 38

not conscious of something, especially what is happening around you | thờ ơ, bơ phờ ## Footnote * Absorbed in her work, she was totally **oblivious of** her surroundings. * The mayor seems **oblivious to** the likely effects of the new legislation.

Answer 39

the quality of not being aware of something, especially what is happening around you | sự thờ ơ, sự bơ phờ ## Footnote * My uncle sat there with a look of blissful obliviousness. * His first wife left him because of his **obliviousness to** her.

Answer 40

very interested in something and not paying attention to anything else | chăm chú, mải mê, say mê ## Footnote * Simon was so absorbed in his book that he didn't even notice me come in. * He was so absorbed in looking to the girl he like that he didn't even notice his friend came in.

Answer 41

* to send something to someone * to give or send, or to put someone in an unpleasant place or situation | gửi/ gửi gắm ## Footnote * The goods have been consigned to you by air. * She refused to consign her children to a life of poverty.

Answer 42

* to take something in, especially gradually * to reduce the effect of a physical force, shock, or change | hấp thụ, thấm, ngấm ## Footnote * Plants absorb carbon dioxide. * In cold climates, houses need to have walls that will absorb heat. * Towels absorb moisture. * The drug is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream. * Our countryside is increasingly being absorbed by/into the large cities. * The barrier absorbed the main impact of the crash.

Answer 43

* to understand facts or ideas completely and remember them * to take up someone's attention completely | hiểu được, tiếp thu/ thu hút sự chú ý ## Footnote * It's hard to absorb so much information. * The project has absorbed her for several years.

Answer 44

causing serious injuries or harm | mang tính tê liệt, nghiêm trọng ## Footnote * A crippling attack of malaria kept him in bed for months. * The bomb attack dealt a crippling blow to tourism in the country. * crippling debts

Answer 45

a disease that you can get from the bite of a particular type of mosquito (= a small flying insect). Malaria causes periods of fever and makes you shiver and feel very cold. It is common in many hotter parts of the world.

Answer 46

to prevent software or a device from working normally, usually intentionally in order to make the user pay for more software, for another device, etc. | (phần mềm, điện thoại, máy tính) ngăn chặn, làm cho ngừng hoạt động ## Footnote * The company released software that crippled unlocked phones, preventing them from being used on other carriers' networks. * I think it's short-sighted of developers to cripple access to software.

Answer 47

* to injure or harm someone so that they are unable to walk or move in the usual way * to severely affect or limit someone in a way that is not physical * to cause severe damage to something so that it cannot operate effectively | Làm tê liệt/ gây rối loạn, rối nhiễu, hỏng/ gây hỏng ## Footnote * Her husband had a series of strokes which almost crippled him. * He was a hugely talented man, but crippled by self-doubt. * She died at the age of just 17 and the loss crippled her family. * High interest rates are crippling our business. * a country crippled by war

Answer 48

* a person or thing that carries something * a company that operates aircraft * used as a combining form, especially in phrases that refer to military vehicles of a type that carry other vehicles or groups of soldiers | người vận chuyển/ công ty vận chuyển/ phương tiện vận chuyển (quân sự) ## Footnote * an armoured troop-carrier * a freight carrier

Answer 49

(also phone carrier) a company that provides mobile phone services to people so they can make calls, send messages, etc. | nhà mạng ## Footnote * You can transfer your existing mobile phone number to a new carrier. * Only your carrier limits the number of characters you can receive in text messages. * People are willing to change phone carriers in order to save a few dollars. * They used the new high-speed data networks that cell phone carriers had built. * The company is one of Japan's biggest mobile phone carriers.

Answer 50

* goods that are transported from one place to another by ship, aircraft, train, or truck * the money paid for transporting goods | hàng hoá (được vận chuyển)/ tiền vận chuyển ## Footnote * The ship carries both freight and passengers. * a freight company * Will the goods be sent by air or sea freight? * A freight train is a train that carries only goods.

Answer 51

* to send or carry goods by air, sea or train * **[usually passive]** *(literary)* to fill something with a particular mood or tone | vận chuyển/ mang theo ## Footnote * Grapes from this region are freighted all over the world. * **be freighted with something** Each word was freighted with anger. (chứa đựng)

Answer 52

an argument or disagreement, especially an official one between, for example, workers and employers or two countries with a common border | xung đột, tranh chấp ## Footnote * a bitter/long-running dispute * The judge urged the feuding partners to settle their legal dispute . * a border dispute * a pay/legal/trade dispute * They have been unable to **settle/resolve the dispute** over working conditions. * The unions are **in dispute with** management over pay.

Answer 53

to disagree with something that someone says | không đồng tình, phản đối ## Footnote * Few would dispute his status as the finest artist of the period. * The circumstances of her death have been hotly disputed. * **[ + (that) ]** I don't dispute (that) his movies are entertaining, but they don't have much depth.

Answer 54

so certain or true that you cannot disagree | rõ ràng là ## Footnote * He is beyond all dispute the finest actor in Hollywood today. * It is beyond all dispute that he is the best footballer in the country at present. * That she was born ten years earlier than she says she was is, frankly, beyond dispute. * The evidence for his claims seems beyond dispute. * You cannot prove, beyond dispute, the existence of God.

Answer 55

being doubted | bị nghi ngờ ## Footnote * I don't think her ability is in dispute - what I question is her attitude. * The meaning of this poem has long been in dispute. * What provoked the incident is in dispute, both men having given different stories. * Whether this is a positive outcome is in dispute. * What happened later that evening is in dispute. * Exactly what was said at the meeting is in dispute.

Answer 56

* Someone who is bitter is angry and unhappy because they cannot forget bad things that happened in the past * A bitter experience causes deep pain or anger * expressing a lot of hate and anger | cay cú ## Footnote * I feel very bitter about my childhood and all that I went through. * She'd suffered terribly over the years but it hadn't made her bitter. * Failing the final exams was a bitter disappointment for me. * She learned through bitter experience that he was not to be trusted. * a bitter fight/argument * bitter recriminations * He gave me a bitter look.

Answer 57

* with an unpleasantly sharp taste * Bitter weather is extremely cold, especially in a way that causes physical pain | đắng, chát/ lạnh cóng (cắt da cắt thịt đúng nghĩa đen) ## Footnote * a bitter flavour/taste/liquid * a bitter wind * Wrap up warmly - it's bitter outside.

Answer 58

a set of actions that is the official or accepted way of doing something a medical operation a set of instructions in a computer program that does a particular task | thủ tục, quy trình/ ca phẫu thuật, giải phẫu/ ## Footnote * The company has new procedures for dealing with complaints. * You must follow correct procedure at all times. * It's a routine/standard surgical procedure.

Answer 59

* If you unwind something that is wrapped around an object, you unfasten it, and if it unwinds, it becomes unfastened * to relax and allow your mind to be free from worry after a period of work or some other activity that has made you worried | gỡ, mở, bỏ/ thư giãn ## Footnote In a nearby medical tent, a US Army doctor gently unwinds Metruk's bandage. A hug from her every evening helps me to unwind after work.

Answer 60

* to release or open something that is fixed or closed * to make looser or take apart something that fastens or is fastened | mở, gỡ/ nới lỏng ## Footnote * I can't unfasten this button/belt. * This blouse unfastens (= can be unfastened) at the back. * Cal loosened his tie and unfastened his collar.

Answer 61

to talk to two separate people or groups involved in a disagreement to try to help them to agree or find a solution to their problems | trung gian, môi giới ## Footnote * Negotiators were called in to mediate between the two sides. * The two envoys have succeeded in mediating an end to the war.

Answer 62

to refuse to buy a product or take part in an activity as a way of expressing strong disapproval | tẩy chay ## Footnote * People were urged to boycott the country's products. * The union called on its members to boycott the meeting.

Answer 63

the ability to stick | độ, khả năng bám dính ## Footnote At this stage a resin is used with a high level of adhesion.

Answer 64

* a formal party at which important people are welcomed * the way in which people react to something or someone * the act of welcoming someone or something | bữa tiệc (quan trọng)/ sự phản ứng/ sự chào đón ## Footnote * The president gave a reception for the visiting heads of state. * Her first book got a wonderful/warm/frosty reception from the critics. * The new hospital was ready for the reception **of** its first patients.

Answer 65

to be involved in a difficult situation, especially for a long period of time | sa lầy, giậm chân tại chỗ ## Footnote The peace talks are mired in bureaucracy.

Answer 66

* the place in a hotel or office building where people go when they first arrive * the degree to which mobile phone, radio, or television signals are strong and clear | lễ tân/ sự nhận tín hiệu (điện thoại, tivi, etc.) ## Footnote * Ask for me at reception. * I signed in at the reception desk. * The phone reception is really bad out here in the woods. * We live on top of a hill and so we get excellent radio reception. * A new digital antenna might improve your reception.

Answer 67

* If something is obligatory, you must do it because of a rule or law, etc. * expected because it usually happens | bắt buộc/ như dự đoán trước (kiểu gì cũng sẽ) ## Footnote * The medical examination before you start work is obligatory. * [ + to infinitive ] The statute made it obligatory for all healthy males between 14 and 60 to work. * Several Secret Service agents surrounded the President, all wearing the obligatory raincoat and hat. * Everybody who goes to England makes the obligatory trip to Stonehenge.

Answer 68

* to force someone to do something, or to make it necessary for someone to do something * to please or help someone, especially by doing something they have asked you to do | Bắt buộc, bắt ép/ (sẵn lòng) giúp đỡ, nhận lời ## Footnote * The law obliges companies to pay decent wages to their employees. * The law does not obligate sellers to accept the highest offer. * We only went to the party to oblige some old friends who asked us to be there. * We needed a guide and he was only too happy to oblige.

Answer 69

to help someone by giving them something | giúp đỡ (bằng cách đưa gì đó) ## Footnote Could you oblige me with a pen and a piece of paper, please?

Answer 70

to force someone to do something, or to make it necessary for someone to do something | bắt buộc, bắt ép ## Footnote * The law obligates financial institutions to make monthly reports on large transactions. * The contract obligated them to pay hundreds of pounds monthly to a private recruiting firm. * Our financial advice service is free, impartial, and does not obligate you in any way.

Answer 71

(informal) * used to tell somebody to stop doing something * to stop using something * lay somebody ↔ off: to stop employing somebody because there is not enough work for them to do | dừng (làm gì/ dùng cái gì)/ ngừng tuyển dụng, đuổi việc ## Footnote Lay off me will you—it's nothing to do with me. lay off doing something Lay off bullying Jack. I think you'd better lay off fatty foods for a while.

Answer 72

* (of people or animals) unable to walk well because of an injury to the leg or foot * (of an excuse, explanation, etc.) weak and difficult to believe * not interesting or fun | què/ vụng về/ không thuyết phục/ nhạt nhẽo, không vui ## Footnote * My horse had gone lame. * Stephen made some lame excuse. * The humour is more lame than funny. * The special effects are incredibly lame.

Answer 73

to look angry and refuse to speak or smile because you want people to know that you are upset about something | hờn dỗi ## Footnote * He went off to sulk in his room. * He was still sulking about the break-up of his band. * She sulked all the way to the theatre.

Answer 74

**evict somebody (from something)** to force somebody to leave a house or land, especially when you have the legal right to do so | trục xuất, đuổi, thu hồi ## Footnote * A number of tenants have been evicted for not paying the rent. * The council has tried to get them evicted. * Police had to evict demonstrators from the building.

Answer 75

* an area of red spots on a person’s skin, caused by an illness or a reaction to something * rash (of something) a lot of something; a series of unpleasant things that happen over a short period of time | phát ban/ chuỗi sự kiện đen ## Footnote * I woke up covered in a rash. * I come out in a rash (= a rash appears on my skin) if I eat chocolate. * The sun brought her out in (= caused) an itchy rash. * a heat rash (= caused by heat) * a rash of movies about life in prison * Rising prices are the result of the recent rash of strikes in the steel industry. * There has been a rash of burglaries in the area over the last month.

Answer 76

(of people or their actions) doing something that may not be sensible without first thinking about the possible results; done in this way | dại dột, thiển cận, liều lĩnh ## Footnote * a rash young man * rash (to do something) It would be rash to assume that everyone will agree with you on this. * Think twice before doing anything rash. * This is what happens when you make rash decisions. **synonym: reckless **

Answer 77

* [intransitive, transitive] to give part of your work, power or authority to somebody in a lower position than you * [transitive] [usually passive] to choose somebody to do something | uỷ nhiệm, uỷ thác, trao quyền ## Footnote * Some managers find it difficult to delegate. * **delegate (something) (to somebody)** The job had to be delegated to an assistant. * **be delegated to do something** I've been delegated to organize the Christmas party.

Answer 78

* **grind something (down/up) | grind something (to/into something)** to break or press something into very small pieces between two hard surfaces or using a special machine * to produce something such as flour by grinding * to make something sharp or smooth by rubbing it against a hard surface * to rub together, or to make hard objects rub together, often producing an unpleasant noise | nghiền nát/ mài/ cọ, cạo (như cạo móng tay vào bảng) ## Footnote * to grind coffee/corn * The animal has teeth that grind its food into a pulp. * **grind (together)** Parts of the machine were grinding together noisily. * **grind something (together)** She grinds her teeth when she is asleep. * He ground the gears on the car.

Answer 79

* (of problems or a difficult situation) to appear and need to be dealt with by somebody * to deal with a problem or difficult situation = face up to | đối mặt, xử lý ## Footnote * What is to be done about the economic problems confronting the country? * I was suddenly confronted by the task of rewriting the entire book. * The government found itself confronted by massive opposition. * She knew that she had to confront her fears. * This was the first time he had confronted an armed robber. * Confronted by an angry crowd, the police retreated. * He confronted her with a choice between her career or their relationship.

Answer 80

* the point of an arrow or a hook that is curved backwards to make it difficult to pull out * a remark that is meant to hurt somebody’s feelings | ngạch (lưỡi câu, mũi tên)/ lời nhạo báng châm chọc ## Footnote The accusation that she did not trust him was a barb that hurt more than she wanted to admit.

Answer 81

to damage the appearance of something especially by drawing or writing on it | vẽ bậy, đập, khắc (lên 1 thứ gì đó) ## Footnote They were charged with defacing public property.

Answer 82

* to refuse to obey or show respect for somebody in authority, a law, a rule, etc. * to be impossible or almost impossible to believe, explain, describe, etc. * to successfully resist something to a very unusual degree | bất cháp, chống đối/ không tin/ kháng cự ## Footnote * I wouldn't have dared to defy my teachers. * Hundreds of people today defied the ban on political gatherings. * a political move that defies explanation * The beauty of the scene defies description. * His face was so odd that it defies description. * The baby boy defied all the odds and survived (= stayed alive when it seemed certain that he would die).

Answer 83

if two ideas, beliefs, stories, etc. conflict, it is not possible for them to exist together or for them both to be true | xung đột ## Footnote * Reports conflicted on how much of the aid was reaching the famine victims. * There are several major areas where their interests conflict. * conflict with something These results conflict with earlier findings.

Answer 84

the state of being important, well known or easy to notice | sự nổi bật ## Footnote * a young actor who has recently **risen to prominence** * The newspapers have given undue prominence to the story. * She has achieved a prominence she hardly deserves. * **prominence as something** The study of local history has gained prominence as an academic discipline.

Answer 85

the speed at which somebody/something walks, runs, moves, or happens | nhịp, nhịp độ, nước đi, bước đi ## Footnote at a… pace to set off at a steady/gentle/leisurely pace Congestion frequently reduces traffic to walking pace. The ball gathered pace as it rolled down the hill. pace of something It is difficult to keep up with the rapid pace of change. I prefer the relaxed pace of life in the country.

Answer 86

* a sudden increase of a strong feeling * a sudden increase in the amount or number of something | sự gia tăng (nhanh chóng và đột ngột) ## Footnote * She felt a sudden surge of anger. * a surge of excitement * **surge in something** a surge in consumer spending * We are having trouble keeping up with the recent surge in demand. * A last-minute surge in ticket sales saved the show from closure. * **surge of something** After an initial surge of interest, there has been little call for our services. **synonym: rush**

Answer 87

a sudden large increase in something | sự gia tăng (mạnh và đột ngột) ## Footnote * **upsurge (in something)** an upsurge in violent crime * **upsurge (of something)** a recent upsurge of interest in his movies

Answer 88

* to make an illness or a bad or unpleasant situation worse (= worsen) * to annoy somebody, especially deliberately (= irritate) | khiến cho (tình huống/ bệnh) tệ hơn/ khiêu khích ## Footnote * Pollution can aggravate asthma. * Military intervention will only aggravate the conflict even further.

Answer 89

* having a result that increases in strength or importance each time more of something is added * including all the amounts that have been added previously | mang tính tích luỹ ## Footnote * the cumulative effect of human activity on the world environment * The evolution of human life was a gradual, cumulative process. * the monthly sales figures and the cumulative total for the past six months

Answer 90

* developing, growing, etc. gradually and in an even and regular way * not changing and not interrupted * fixed in a place or position, supported or balanced; controlled and not shaking or likely to fall down * (of a person) sensible; who can be relied on | cố định, bền vững, vững chắc/ đáng tin cậy ## Footnote * We've had five years of steady economic growth. * a steady decline/ increase * We are making slow but steady progress. * a steady stream of visitors/ a steady flow of customers * His breathing was steady. * a steady job/income * She’s not very steady on her feet these days. **Synonym: constant**

Answer 91

* [usually before noun] happening all the time or repeatedly * that does not change | bền vững, cố định, giữ nguyên ## Footnote * There were constant interruptions. * a constant stream of visitors all day * The ruined buildings serve as a constant reminder of the war. * Crime levels remain constant. **Synonym: steady**

Answer 92

* behaviour that is thought to be strange and not acceptable, especially when it is connected with sex; an example of this type of behaviour * the act of changing something that is good or right into something that is bad or wrong; the result of this | bệnh hoạn, thô lỗ/ lầm đường lạc lối ## Footnote * the perversion of justice * Her account was a perversion of the truth.

Answer 93

* a small bag, usually made of leather, and often carried in a pocket or attached to a belt * a large bag for carrying letters, especially official ones

Answer 94

* a clear difference or contrast especially between people or things that are similar or related * the act of separating people or things into different groups * the quality of being something that is special * the quality of being excellent or important | sự phân biệt/ sự đặc biệt ## Footnote distinctions between traditional and modern societies We need to draw a distinction between the two events. The new law makes no distinction between adults and children (= treats them equally). without distinction All groups are entitled to this money without distinction. a writer of distinction

Answer 95

* to gradually get more and more of something over a period of time * to gradually increase in number or quantity over a period of time | tích trữ, thu thập/ lớn dần, dồn lên, chồng chất lên ## Footnote * I seem to have accumulated a lot of books. * By investing wisely she accumulated a fortune. * We have accumulated a great amount of evidence. * Debts began to accumulate. * Dust and dirt soon accumulate if a house is not cleaned regularly.

Answer 96

* to be slow to speak or act because you feel uncertain or nervous * to be worried about doing something, especially because you are not sure that it is right or appropriate | chần chừ, do dự ## Footnote * She hesitated before replying. * He seemed to hesitate a second. * hesitate about/over (doing) something * hesitate about/over whether, how, etc… * + speech ‘I'm not sure,’ she hesitated. * If you'd like me to send you the book, then please don't **hesitate to ask**.

Answer 97

to make somebody morally bad | đầu độc (nhân cách/ tư duy), khiến cho sa đoạ ## Footnote In my view this book would deprave young children. **synonym: corrupt**

Answer 98

* not drunk (= not affected by alcohol) * having completely stopped drinking alcohol, especially after being an alcoholic (= somebody who regularly drinks too much alcohol and cannot stop) | tỉnh táo/ tỉnh rượu ## Footnote * I stayed sober so I could drive us home. * He was as sober as a judge (= completely sober). * to get/stay sober

Answer 99

* (of people and their behaviour) serious and sensible * (of colours or clothes) plain and not bright | điềm tĩnh, nghiêm túc và hợp lý/ (màu) vô vị, nhàm chán ## Footnote * I stayed sober so I could drive us home. * He was as sober as a judge (= completely sober). * to get/stay sober * He is honest, sober and hard-working. * On sober reflection (= after some serious thought), I don't think I really need a car after all. * a sober grey suit

Answer 100

* to prevent something bad or dangerous from happening * to turn your eyes, etc. away from something that you do not want to see | ngăn chặn (điều tồi tệ)/ né tránh (ánh mắt, mặt) ## Footnote * A disaster was narrowly averted. * He did his best to avert suspicion. * Talks are taking place in an attempt to avert a strike. * He managed to avert the closure of the factory. * **avert your eyes/gaze/face (from something)** She averted her eyes from the terrible scene in front of her.

Answer 101

a very sad event or situation, especially one that involves death a serious play with a sad ending, especially one in which the main character dies; plays of this type | bi kịch, thảm kịch ## Footnote * It's a tragedy that she died so young. * Tragedy struck the family when their son was hit by a car and killed. * Shakespeare’s tragedies

Answer 102

a very sad event or situation, especially one that involves death a serious play with a sad ending, especially one in which the main character dies; plays of this type | bi kịch, thảm kịch ## Footnote * It's a tragedy that she died so young. * Tragedy struck the family when their son was hit by a car and killed. * Shakespeare’s tragedies

Answer 103

* making you feel very sad, usually because somebody has died or suffered a lot * [only before noun] connected with tragedy (= the style of literature) | bi thảm ## Footnote * He was killed in a tragic accident at the age of 24. * Cuts in the health service could have tragic consequences for patients. * a tragic actor/hero

Answer 104

* an official process to find out the cause of something or to find out information about something * a request for information about somebody/something; a question about somebody/something * **enquiries [plural]** a place where you can get information | cuộc điều tra, cuộc khảo sát/ sự hỏi thăm, dò xét/ nguồn tin ## Footnote * enquiry into something a public enquiry into the environmental effects of the proposed new road * to hold/conduct/launch an enquiry into the affair

Answer 105

a series of questions that somebody asks you, especially when they ask them in an unpleasant way | sự thẩm vấn, dò xét ## Footnote She then subjected me to an inquisition about my romantic life.

Answer 106

* the action of pulling something along a surface; the power that is used for doing this * the force that stops something, for example the wheels of a vehicle, from sliding on the ground * the extent to which an idea, a product, etc. becomes popular or gains support | lực kéo, sức kéo/ sự phổ biến, sự ủng hộ ## Footnote The president's message is gaining traction among undecided voters.

Answer 107

* made of concrete * based on facts, not on ideas or guesses * a concrete object is one that you can see and feel | làm bằng bê tông/ thực tế, có thật/ có thể sờ hay nhìn ## Footnote * a concrete floor * concrete evidence/proposals/proof * ‘It's only a suspicion,’ she said, ‘nothing concrete.’ * It is easier to think in concrete terms rather than in the abstract.

Answer 108

* a strong plastic that can bend easily, used for covering walls, floors and furniture, and for making book covers and, especially in the past, records * records made of vinyl, in contrast to CDs | nhựa vinyl

Answer 109

* a person who has an important job as a manager of a company or an organization * a group of people who run a company or an organization * **the executive** the part of a government responsible for putting laws into effect | ban quản trị, ban điều hành/ bộ ngành hành pháp của chính phủ ## Footnote * company/corporate/business/industry executives * marketing/advertising executives * The union’s executive has/have yet to reach a decision.

Answer 110

* a comment that expresses praise or approval of somebody * polite words or good wishes, especially when used to express praise and approval | lời khen ngợi, tán thán/ lời chúc ## Footnote * to pay somebody a compliment (= to praise them for something) * ‘You understand the problem because you're so much older.’ ‘I'll take that as a compliment!’ * It's a great compliment to be asked to do the job. * to return the compliment (= to treat somebody in the same way as they have treated you) * **(British English)** Compliments of the season! (= for Christmas or the New Year) * Please accept these flowers with the compliments of (= as a gift from) the manager.

Answer 111

**compliment somebody (on something)** to tell somebody that you like or admire something they have done, their appearance, etc. | lời khen ngợi, tán thán ## Footnote She complimented him on his excellent German.

Answer 112

to add to something in a way that improves it or makes it more attractive | bổ sung, thêm vào ## Footnote * The excellent menu is complemented by a good wine list. * The team needs players who complement each other. * The flavours in the dish complement each other perfectly.

Answer 113

* **complement (to something)** a thing that adds new qualities to something in a way that improves it or makes it more attractive * the complete number or quantity needed or allowed | phần bổ sung, sự bổ sung/ số lượng cần thiết ## Footnote * This vegetable's natural sweetness is a perfect complement to salty or rich foods. * We've taken our full complement of trainees this year.

Answer 114

a person or thing that is valuable or useful to somebody/something a thing of value, especially property, that a person or company owns, which can be used or sold to pay debts | điều quý báu/ tài sản ## Footnote * In his job, patience is an invaluable asset. * Being able to speak a foreign language is a major asset. * I’m not sure if his forcefulness is an asset or a liability. * **asset to somebody/something** She'll be an asset to the team. * the net asset value of the company * Her assets include shares in the company and a house in France.

Answer 115

* the state of being legally responsible for something * a person or thing that causes you a lot of problems * the amount of money that a person or company owes | trách nhiệm pháp lý/ người - vật gây thiệt hại/ tổng số nợ ## Footnote * **liability (for something)** The company cannot accept liability for any damage caused by natural disasters. * ** liability to somebody** The company has liabilities to its employees. * **liability to do something** The defendant admitted liability to compensate the claimant. * Since his injury, Jones has become more of a liability than an asset to the team. * The company is reported to have liabilities of nearly $90 000.

Answer 116

in order to help something/somebody ## Footnote collecting money in aid of charity

Answer 117

in a way that is well known and talked about by a lot of people | người ta thường nói ## Footnote * We must be living in those “interesting times” often proverbially mentioned. * It is proverbially impossible to please everyone. **synonym: as a saying goes**

Answer 118

the act or state of keeping together | sự gắn kết/ thể thống nhất, nhất thể ## Footnote * the cohesion of the nuclear family * social/political/economic cohesion **synonym: unity**

Answer 119

* (formal) the act of spreading something widely in all directions; the fact of being spread in all directions * the act of slowly mixing a gas or liquid in a substance; the process in which this happens * the act of making a light shine less brightly by spreading it in many directions | sự khuyếch tán ## Footnote * the diffusion of Marxist ideas * the rate of diffusion of a gas * the diffusion of light by a convex surface

Answer 120

* (disapproving) to treat a person or situation as an opportunity to gain an advantage for yourself * to use something well in order to gain as much from it as possible * to develop or use something for business or industry | khai thác, tận dụng ## Footnote * He exploited his father's name to get himself a job. * She realized that her youth and inexperience were being exploited. * She fully exploits the humour of her role in the play. * The company has been successful in exploiting new technology to the full. * **exploit something** No minerals have yet been exploited in Antarctica. * **exploit something for something** countries exploiting the rainforests for hardwood

Answer 121

* [intransitive] compensate (for something) to provide something good to balance or reduce the bad effects of damage, loss, etc. * [intransitive] to act in order to balance or correct something wrong or not normal * [transitive] compensate somebody (for something) to pay somebody money because they have suffered some damage, loss, injury, etc. | đền bù, bù đắp ## Footnote * Nothing can compensate for the loss of a loved one. * In the second experiment, the temperature was raised to compensate for this bias. * Her lawyers say she should be compensated for the suffering she had been caused. **SYNONYM: make up for**

Answer 122

* one part of something larger * an amount of food that is large enough for one person * a part of something that is shared with other people | phần/ phần ăn /phần trích ra, phần chia ra ## Footnote * a substantial/significant portion of the population * Only a small portion of the budget is spent on books. * a generous portion of meat * She cut the cake into six small portions. * You must accept a portion of the blame for this crisis.

Answer 123

to divide something into parts or portions | phân chia ## Footnote * **portion something** The factory portions and packs over 12 000 meals a day. * **portion something out** Land was portioned out among the clans.

Answer 124

connected with the words of a language | thuộc về từ vựng ## Footnote lexical items (= words and phrases)

Answer 125

* [intransitive, transitive] decompress (something) to have the air pressure in something reduced to a normal level or to reduce it to its normal level * [transitive] decompress something (computing) to return files, etc. to their original size after they have been compressed * to calm down and relax (= unwind) | giải ép, nới ép/ giải nén/ thư giãn ## Footnote * Whenever I can I like to sneak away to relax and decompress. * For some people, yoga is a way of decompressing after a long day.

Answer 126

[intransitive, transitive] to be destroyed gradually after death by natural processes | phân huỷ ## Footnote * The garden was dank with decomposing vegetation. * decompose something a decomposed body

Answer 127

an area where people live that is outside the centre of a city | ngoại ô ## Footnote * a suburb of London * a London suburb * in the suburbs They live in the suburbs.

Answer 128

* determined not to change your opinion or attitude (= obstinate) * difficult to get rid of or deal with (= persistent) | ương, cố chấp, cứng đầu/ khó chữa, dai dẳng ## Footnote * He was too stubborn to admit that he was wrong. * She can be as stubborn as a mule (= extremely stubborn). * a stubborn refusal to listen * She has inherited her mother’s stubborn streak. * a stubborn cough/stain * a stubborn problem

Answer 129

* (often disapproving) refusing to change your opinions, way of behaving, etc. when other people try to persuade you to; showing this * difficult to get rid of or deal with | ương, cố chấp, cứng đầu/ khó chữa, dai dẳng ## Footnote * He can be very obstinate when he wants to be! * her obstinate refusal to comply with their request * Their position remains one of obstinate denial, even in face of the new evidence. * the obstinate problem of unemployment * an obstinate stain **synonym: stubborn**

Answer 130

* to change something slightly, especially in order to make it more suitable for a particular purpose * to make something less extreme | tuỳ biến, tuỳ chỉnh ## Footnote * We found it cheaper to modify existing equipment rather than buy new. * The software we use has been modified for us. * heavily/highly modified * She refused to modify her behaviour. He listened to the arguments and modified his view of the party.

Answer 131

a religious leader, especially a Muslim or Christian one | giáo sĩ, linh mục ## Footnote Muslim clerics

Answer 132

* the food and drink that people, animals and plants need to live and stay healthy * **sustenance (of something)** the process of making something continue to exist | dưỡng chất, đồ ăn, thuốc bổ/ sự duy trì ## Footnote * There's not much sustenance in a bowl of soup. * (figurative) Arguing would only give further sustenance to his allegations. * Elections are essential for the sustenance of parliamentary democracy.

Answer 133

* to show or prove that something is true (= bear/give witness to something = to provide evidence of the truth of something) * [transitive] to state that you believe that something is true or what somebody claims it is, for example in court | chứng thực, chứng minh ## Footnote * attest to something Contemporary accounts attest to his courage and determination. * **attest (that…)** Documents attest that there was a school attached to the abbey from 1125. * She is, as countless stories about her attest, deeply religious. * **attest something** Both public documents and private testimonies attest this fact. * **attest something** to attest a will * The signature was attested by two witnesses. * **attest that…** I can attest that this treatment really works.

Answer 134

to stop happening or existing; to stop something from happening or existing | ngưng, ngăn ## Footnote * Welfare payments cease as soon as an individual starts a job. * **cease to do something** You never cease to amaze me! * **cease something** They voted to cease strike action immediately. * He ordered his men to cease fire (= stop shooting). * **cease doing something** The company ceased trading in June.

Answer 135

desist (from something/from doing something) to stop doing something | ngừng ## Footnote They agreed to desist from the bombing campaign.

Answer 136

* used to describe an official order given by a court or government agency that demands that somebody must stop doing a particular activity * used to describe a letter that threatens somebody with legal action if they do not stop a particular activity | (mang tính mệnh lệnh) ngừng hoạt động ## Footnote * The Board of Health issued a cease-and-desist order giving the company seven days to stop operating at the site. * Lawyers for the company have sent out cease-and-desist letters to hundreds of small companies accused of infringing copyright.

Answer 137

* the inside part of something **(antonym: exterior)** * **the Interior** the central part of a country or continent that is a long way from the coast * **the Interior** a country’s own affairs rather than those that involve other countries | phần bên trong/ nội địa/ chuyện nội bộ ## Footnote * the interior of a building/a car * The original interior of the hotel has been replaced. * an expedition into the interior of Australia * the Department/Minister of the Interior

Answer 138

* the outside of something, especially a building * the way that somebody appears or behaves, especially when this is very different from their real feelings or character | phần bên ngoài/ sự biểu lộ ## Footnote * The exterior of the house needs painting. * Beneath his confident exterior, he was desperately nervous.

Answer 139

to continue to do something despite difficulties or opposition, in a way that can seem unreasonable [intransitive] to continue to exist | khăng khăng/ tiếp tục ## Footnote * **persist in doing something** Why do you persist in blaming yourself for what happened? * **persist in something** She persisted in her search for the truth. * **persist with something** He persisted with his questioning. * **+ speech** ‘So, did you agree or not?’ he persisted. * The belief that the earth was flat persisted for many centuries. * If the symptoms persist, consult your doctor.

Answer 140

the state of being forced to stay in a closed space, prison, etc.; the act of putting somebody there the time when a woman gives birth to a baby | giam cầm, cấm túc/ thời gian sinh sản??? ## Footnote * her confinement to a wheelchair * years of confinement as a political prisoner * the expected date of confinement * a hospital/home confinement

Answer 141

a state in which two people, companies, etc. are competing for the same thing | sự đối đầu, cuộc đối đầu ## Footnote * **rivalry (with somebody/something) (for something)** a fierce rivalry for world supremacy * **rivalry (between A and B) (for something)** There is a certain amount of friendly rivalry between the teams. * political rivalries * sibling rivalry (= between brothers and sisters)

Answer 142

* the feeling of happiness that you have when something unpleasant stops or does not happen * something that is interesting or fun that replaces something boring, difficult or unpleasant for a short period of time * the act of removing or reducing pain, worry, etc. | sự vui sướng, nhẹ nhõm/ điều thú vị/ sự giảm, xoa dịu (đau, buồn...) ## Footnote * We all breathed **a sigh of relief** when he left. * She sighed with relief. * This was **a great relief to** him. * **relief of something** the relief of symptoms/suffering/poverty/pain * **relief from something** The drugs only provided temporary relief from the pain. * There was little comic relief in his speech. * The calm of the countryside came as a welcome relief from the hustle and bustle of city life.

Answer 143

* food, money, medicine, etc. that is given to help people in places where there has been a war or natural disaster * financial help given by the government to people who need it * (also **tax relief**) a reduction in the amount of tax you have to pay | khoản cứu trợ/ khoản trợ cấp/ khoản miễn giảm thuế ## Footnote * disaster relief * relief efforts/operations * relief on mortgage interest payments

Answer 144

* the effect of colours, light, etc. that makes an object easier to notice than others around it * the quality of a particular situation, problem, etc. that makes it easier to notice than before | sự nổi bật ## Footnote * The snow-capped mountain stood out in sharp relief against the blue sky. * Their differences have been thrown into sharp relief by the present crisis. * The proximity of the wealthy suburb to the squatter camp throws the plight of the squatters into even sharper relief.

Answer 145

too direct, easy to notice, etc. in a way that is annoying or upsetting | thằng thắn, rõ ràng (đến mức phiền phức) ## Footnote * intrusive questions * The constant presence of the media was very intrusive.

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