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1
Q

What does the pelvic girdle consist of?

A
  • Right & Left pelvic bones joined by the axial skeleton via the sacrum and the 5th lumbar vertebra posteriorly
  • Right and Left hemi-pelvis meets at pubic symphysis anteriorly
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2
Q

Extensor Hallucis Longus

A

A: Extends first toe; assits in ankle inversion and dorsiflexion

O: fibula and interosseous membrane

I: distal phalanx of great toe

N: deep peroneal nerve

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3
Q

Adductor Brevis

A

A: Hip adduction

O: Pubis

I: proximal line aspera and pectineal linea

N: Obturator

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4
Q

Name the Hip Extensors

A

Gluteus Maximus

Biceps Femoris

Semitendinosus

Semimembranosus

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5
Q

Name all the Hip adductors

A

Adductor Longus

Adductor Brevis

Adductor Magnus

Gracilis

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6
Q

Name the Medial Rotators

A

Gluteus Medius

Gluteus Minimis

Tensor Fascia Latae

Pectineus

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7
Q

What are the hip joint movements? (pelvic motion on femur)

A
  • Anterior/Posterior Tilt in the sagittal plane
  • Lateral Tilt- frontal plane
  • Protraction/Retraction- transverse plane
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8
Q

Adductor Longus

A

A: Hip Adduction

O: Pubis

I: Middle one third of the linea aspera

N: Obturator

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9
Q

What allows stability for the hip joint?

A

high congruency and firm connective tissue between the femoral head and acetabulum equal joint stability

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10
Q

Peroneus Tertius

A

A: assists somewhat in ankle eversion and dorsiflexion

O: distal medial fibula

I: base of fifth metatarsal

N: deep peroneal nerve

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11
Q

Give an example of a pelvic motion on the femur.

A

leaning over to pick up an object from the floor

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12
Q

What is the lesser trochanter?

A

located medially and inferiorly to the greater trochanter

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13
Q

What does the acetabulofemoral joint do?

A
  • Transmits large forces between trunk and ground
  • Elevates and lowers body
  • Works with body’s locomotion system
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14
Q

What does the ilium allow?

A

The ilium’s large surface area provides numerous attachment sites for many muscles

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15
Q

Name the Deep Group of the LE

A

Long Toe Flexors

Flexor Hallucis Longus

Flexor Digotorum Longus

Tibialis posterior

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16
Q

What is the symphysis pubis?

A

amphiathrodial connection between two pubic bones

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17
Q

What does the femur articulate with?

A

articulates with the hip proximally, and distally at the knee with the tibia

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18
Q

How much does the ischium contribute to the acetabulum?

A

40%

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19
Q

What are the primary functions of the pelvis?

A

1- Provides stable base for HAT (head, arm, and trunk)

2- contains visceral organs

3- transmits and absorbs forces to and from HAT superiorly and LE inferiorly

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20
Q

Gastronemius

A

A: Ankle plantar flexion & Knee flexion

O: Medial and Lateral Femur Condyles

I: Posterior Calcaneus

N: Tibial Nerve

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21
Q

What bones are below the knee?

A

Tibia & Fibula (leg)

Tarsals

Metatarsals

Phalanges

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22
Q

What is the obturator foramen?

A

vessels and nerves travel through the obturator foramen to the lower extremities

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23
Q

How much weight does the fibula carry?

A

carries 10% of weight

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24
Q

Name the hip lateral rotators and

A

O

I

A

Obturator externus, internus

Gemellus Superior, inferior

Quadratus femoris

Piriformis

A: Hip Lateral Rotation

O: Posterior ischium, sacrum, pubis

I: greater trochanter of the femur

N: Obturator and L4, L5, S1, S2

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25
Tibialis Posterior
A: ankle inversion; assists in plantar flexion O: interosseous membrane, adjacent tibia and fibula I: navicular and most tarsals and metatarsals N: Tibial Nerve
26
What type of production is the pelvis involved in?
Power production (closed chain function) rather than mobility
27
Pectineus
A: Hip flexion and adduction, medial rotation O: Superior Ramus of the Pubis I: Pectineal line of the femur N: Femoral Nerve
28
What is the linea aspera?
the origin for adductor muscles
29
How much does weight does the tibia carry?
90% of body weight
30
Tibialis Anterior
A: Dorsiflexion, ankle inversion O: Lateral tibia & interosseous membrane I: first cuneiform and metatarsal N: deep peroneal nerve
31
How many bones are in the foot and ankle?
They're are 26 bones of the foot and ankle
32
What are the hamstrings?
Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranous are known as the hamstrings
33
How many tarsal bones are there? How many metatarsals are there? How many phalanges do we have?
7 tarsals 5 metatarsals 14 phalanges
34
Give an example of a femur motion on the pelvis.
flexing hip to step up onto a step
35
What muscle shape is the gluteal medius?
The gluteus medius is fan shaped.
36
What is the greater sciatic notch?
The greater sciatic notch is where the sciatic nerve travels through and where the piriformis muscle spans across
37
What is the anterior superior iliac spine?
most anterior and superior aspect of the iliac crest is the ASIS
38
Describe the acetabulofemoral articulation?
hip joint Diathrodial (mobility) Triaxial (moves in 3 planes) Ball and socket joint
39
Bi ceps Femoris (short head)
A: Short Head: Knee Flexion O: Short Head: Lateral Lip of the Linea Aspera I: Fibular Head N: common peroneal nerve
40
What lies inferior to the superior periphery of acetabulum?
The acetabular fossa lies inferiorly. It is structurally deep and does not come in contact withe femoral head
41
Name the Lateral Group (eversion)
Peroneus Longus Peroneus Brevis
42
Gracilis A: O: I:
A: Hip Adduction O: Pubis I: anterior medial surface of the proximal tibia N: Obturator
43
Gluteus Minimus
A: Medial rotation, hip abduction O: Lateral ilium I: Anterior surface of the greater trochanter N: Superior gluteal nerve
44
Gluteus Medius A O I
A: Medial Rotation, and hip abduction O: outer surface of the ilium I: lateral aspect of the greater trochanter N: Superior gluteal nerve
45
What is the greater trochanter?
attachment site for gluteus medius and lateral rotator muscles
46
What is PSIS?
posterior superior iliac spine, follows posteriorly (Left and Right PSIS)
47
Tensor Fascia Latae
A: Combined Hip flexion and abduction, medial rotation O: Anterior Superior Iliac Spine I: Lateral condyle of the tibia N: Femoral Nerve
48
Where is the pubis?
anterior-inferior portion of the pelvis
49
What is the sacroiliac joint?
a depression located inferior to each PSIS
50
Flexor Hallucis Longus
A: flexes great toe; assists in inversion and plantar flexion of the ankle O: posterior fibula and interosseous membrane I: distal phalanx of the great toe N: tibial nerve
51
On the hip joint what does the acetabular fossa contain?
the acetabular fossa has proprioceptors that provide joint sensory input; contains synovial fluid which is secreted for joint lubrication during weight-bearing
52
On the hip joint what is the superior periphery of acetabulum lined with?
the superior periphery of acetabulum is lined with hyaline cartilage where weight bearing occurs
53
Rectus Femoris
Action: hip flexion and knee extension O: anterior inferior iliac spine (aiis) I: tibial tuberosity N: Femoral Nerve
54
Where is the ilium located?
Anteriorly and superiorly
55
Biceps Femoris (hamstrings) long head
A: Long Head: Hip Extension , and knee flexion O: Long Head: Ischial Tuberosity I: Fibular Head N: sciatic nerve
56
What are the rotator cuff muscles? What do they do?
Obturator externus, internus Gemellus Superior, inferior Quadratus femoris Piriformis muscles of the hip that provide fine tuning during hip motion
57
Name the 3 fused segments that make up the pelvis
Anterior/ Superior Ilium Posterior Ischium Anterior/Inferior pubis
58
Name the Posterior Superficial Group of the LE
Plantaris Soleus Gastronemius
59
Plantaris
A: Weak assits in ankle plantar flexion and knee extension O: Posterios lateral femur condyle I: Posterior Calcaneus N: Tibial Nerve
60
Can you palpate the ilium?
yes, its the bones you feel when you put your hands on your hips
61
Flexor Digitorum Longus
A: Flexes the four lesser toes; assits in ankle inversion and plantar flexion of the ankle O: posterior tibia I: distal phalanx of four lesser toes N: tibial nerve
62
Semimembranosus (hamstrings)
A: hip extension, knee flexion O: ischial tuberosity I: posterior medial condyle of the tibial posterior surface of the medial condyle of the tibia N: Sciatic Nerve
63
How does the acetabulofemoral joint work with the locomotion system?
hip abductor muscles on weight-bearing leg have to counterbalance 85% of body's weight during each step
64
Semitendinosus (hamstrings)
A: Hip extension & knee flexion O: ischial tuberosity I: anteromedial surface of the proximal tibia N: Sciatic nerve
65
What is the longest muscle of the body? What position does it bring to the leg?
The sartorius muscle is the longest muscle in the body. Brings the leg into a cross legged sitting position (by flexing, abducting and laterally rotating)
66
What is the palpable feature of the ischium?
ischial tuberosity, which is the weight bearing prominence
67
Name the 5 Hip Flexors
1-Iliopsoas 2-Recturs Femoris 3-Sartorius 4-Pectineus 5-Tensor Fascia Latae
68
Peroneus Brevis
A: Eversion & assist in plantar flexion O: Lateral distal fibula I: Base of the 5th metatarsal N: superficial peroneal nerve
69
Peroneus Longus
A: Eversion & assists in ankle plantar flexion O: Lateral proximal fibula & interosseous membrane I: Plantar surface of the first cuneiform and metatarsal N: superficial peroneal nerve
70
What muscles are part of the anterior group of the LE?
Tibialis Anterior Extensor hallucis longus Extensor digitorum longus Peroneus tertius
71
What are the hip joint movements? (femur on the pelvis)
- Flexion/Extension- sagittal plane - Abduction/ Adduction- frontal plane - Medial/Lateral Rotation- transverse plane
72
Adductor Magnus
A: Hip adduction O: Ischium and Pubis I: entire line aspera and adductor tubercle N: Obturator and sciatic nerves
73
Gluteus Maximus
A: Hip Extension, hyperextension, lateral rotation O: Posterior sacrum and ilium I: posterior femur distal to greater trochanter and iliotibial band N: Inferior gluteal nerve
74
What is the strongest hip flexor? What does it contribute to?
Iliopsoas muscle: it contributes to limb shortening and advancement during swing phase and gait
75
What is the ischial ramus?
it 's the part that extends medially from the body of the ischium to connect to ramus of the pubis
76
What is the ischium?
Posterior inferior bone of the pelvis
77
What kind of bone is the fibula?
non weight bearing bone, mainly functions as a site for muscle attachments
78
Name the motions of the lower extremity.
- Flexion -Extension - Abduction -Adduction - Inward Rotation -Outward Rotation - Plantarflexion -Dorsiflexion - Enversion -Inversion - Medial Rotation -Lateral Rotation
79
Extensor digitorum longus
A: extends four lesser toes, assists in ankle dorsiflexion O: fibula, interosseus membrane, tibia I: distal phalanx of four lesser toes N: deep peroneal nerve
80
What attaches to the ASIS?
attachement site for the sartorius and tensor fascia latae
81
What kind of bone is it?
longest and strongest
82
Soleus
A: Ankle Plantar flexion O: Posterior Tibia and Fibula I: Posterior Calcaneus N: Tibial Nerve
83
What is the most distal part of the tibia?
The most distal aspect of the tibia is the medial malleolus
84
Sartorius
A: Combination of hip flexion, knee extension, lateral rotation, hip abduction, O: Anterior Superior Iliac Spine I: Proximal Medial Aspect of the Tibia N: Femoral Nerve
85
What is the pelvis made up of?
pelvis is made up of 3 bones fused together (they contribute to the formation of the acetabulum)
86
Depending on the hip position what other muscles are involved in medial rotation?
The adductors may also produce hip medial rotation depending on the hip position.
87
Iliopsoas
a: hip flexion o: iliac fossa, anterior/lateral surfaces of T12-L5 I: lesser trochanter of the femur N: Iliacus portion: Femoral Nerve Psoas major portion: L2 and L3

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