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Kineseology Class > The Lower Extremity 7/22 > Flashcards

The Lower Extremity 7/22 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the primary functions of the pelvis?

A

1- Provides stable base for HAT (head, arm, and trunk)

2- contains visceral organs

3- transmits and absorbs forces to and from HAT superiorly and LE inferiorly

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2
Q

What type of production is the pelvis involved in?

A

Power production (closed chain function) rather than mobility

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3
Q

What does the pelvic girdle consist of?

A
  • Right & Left pelvic bones joined by the axial skeleton via the sacrum and the 5th lumbar vertebra posteriorly
  • Right and Left hemi-pelvis meets at pubic symphysis anteriorly
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4
Q

What is the pelvis made up of?

A

pelvis is made up of 3 bones fused together (they contribute to the formation of the acetabulum)

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5
Q

What is the greater sciatic notch?

A

The greater sciatic notch is where the sciatic nerve travels through and where the piriformis muscle spans across

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6
Q

Name the 3 fused segments that make up the pelvis

A

Anterior/ Superior Ilium

Posterior Ischium

Anterior/Inferior pubis

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7
Q

What is the obturator foramen?

A

vessels and nerves travel through the obturator foramen to the lower extremities

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8
Q

Where is the ilium located?

A

Anteriorly and superiorly

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9
Q

Can you palpate the ilium?

A

yes, its the bones you feel when you put your hands on your hips

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10
Q

What does the ilium allow?

A

The ilium’s large surface area provides numerous attachment sites for many muscles

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11
Q

What is the anterior superior iliac spine?

A

most anterior and superior aspect of the iliac crest is the ASIS

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12
Q

What attaches to the ASIS?

A

attachement site for the sartorius and tensor fascia latae

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13
Q

What is the sacroiliac joint?

A

a depression located inferior to each PSIS

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14
Q

What is PSIS?

A

posterior superior iliac spine, follows posteriorly (Left and Right PSIS)

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15
Q

What is the ischium?

A

Posterior inferior bone of the pelvis

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16
Q

How much does the ischium contribute to the acetabulum?

A

40%

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17
Q

What is the palpable feature of the ischium?

A

ischial tuberosity, which is the weight bearing prominence

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18
Q

What is the ischial ramus?

A

it ‘s the part that extends medially from the body of the ischium to connect to ramus of the pubis

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19
Q

Where is the pubis?

A

anterior-inferior portion of the pelvis

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20
Q

What is the symphysis pubis?

A

amphiathrodial connection between two pubic bones

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21
Q

What does the femur articulate with?

A

articulates with the hip proximally, and distally at the knee with the tibia

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22
Q

What kind of bone is it?

A

longest and strongest

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23
Q

What is the linea aspera?

A

the origin for adductor muscles

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24
Q

What is the greater trochanter?

A

attachment site for gluteus medius and lateral rotator muscles

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25
What is the lesser trochanter?
located medially and inferiorly to the greater trochanter
26
How much does weight does the tibia carry?
90% of body weight
27
What is the most distal part of the tibia?
The most distal aspect of the tibia is the medial malleolus
28
How much weight does the fibula carry?
carries 10% of weight
29
What kind of bone is the fibula?
non weight bearing bone, mainly functions as a site for muscle attachments
30
Describe the acetabulofemoral articulation?
hip joint Diathrodial (mobility) Triaxial (moves in 3 planes) Ball and socket joint
31
What allows stability for the hip joint?
high congruency and firm connective tissue between the femoral head and acetabulum equal joint stability
32
What does the acetabulofemoral joint do?
- Transmits large forces between trunk and ground - Elevates and lowers body - Works with body's locomotion system
33
How does the acetabulofemoral joint work with the locomotion system?
hip abductor muscles on weight-bearing leg have to counterbalance 85% of body's weight during each step
34
What are the hip joint movements? (pelvic motion on femur)
- Anterior/Posterior Tilt in the sagittal plane - Lateral Tilt- frontal plane - Protraction/Retraction- transverse plane
35
Give an example of a pelvic motion on the femur.
leaning over to pick up an object from the floor
36
What are the hip joint movements? (femur on the pelvis)
- Flexion/Extension- sagittal plane - Abduction/ Adduction- frontal plane - Medial/Lateral Rotation- transverse plane
37
Give an example of a femur motion on the pelvis.
flexing hip to step up onto a step
38
On the hip joint what does the acetabular fossa contain?
the acetabular fossa has proprioceptors that provide joint sensory input; contains synovial fluid which is secreted for joint lubrication during weight-bearing
39
On the hip joint what is the superior periphery of acetabulum lined with?
the superior periphery of acetabulum is lined with hyaline cartilage where weight bearing occurs
40
What lies inferior to the superior periphery of acetabulum?
The acetabular fossa lies inferiorly. It is structurally deep and does not come in contact withe femoral head
41
Name the motions of the lower extremity.
- Flexion -Extension - Abduction -Adduction - Inward Rotation -Outward Rotation - Plantarflexion -Dorsiflexion - Enversion -Inversion - Medial Rotation -Lateral Rotation
42
Name the 5 Hip Flexors
1-Iliopsoas 2-Recturs Femoris 3-Sartorius 4-Pectineus 5-Tensor Fascia Latae
43
Iliopsoas
a: hip flexion o: iliac fossa, anterior/lateral surfaces of T12-L5 I: lesser trochanter of the femur N: Iliacus portion: Femoral Nerve Psoas major portion: L2 and L3
44
What is the strongest hip flexor? What does it contribute to?
Iliopsoas muscle: it contributes to limb shortening and advancement during swing phase and gait
45
Rectus Femoris
Action: hip flexion and knee extension O: anterior inferior iliac spine (aiis) I: tibial tuberosity N: Femoral Nerve
46
Sartorius
A: Combination of hip flexion, knee extension, lateral rotation, hip abduction, O: Anterior Superior Iliac Spine I: Proximal Medial Aspect of the Tibia N: Femoral Nerve
47
What is the longest muscle of the body? What position does it bring to the leg?
The sartorius muscle is the longest muscle in the body. Brings the leg into a cross legged sitting position (by flexing, abducting and laterally rotating)
48
Pectineus
A: Hip flexion and adduction, medial rotation O: Superior Ramus of the Pubis I: Pectineal line of the femur N: Femoral Nerve
49
Tensor Fascia Latae
A: Combined Hip flexion and abduction, medial rotation O: Anterior Superior Iliac Spine I: Lateral condyle of the tibia N: Femoral Nerve
50
Name all the Hip adductors
Adductor Longus Adductor Brevis Adductor Magnus Gracilis
51
Adductor Magnus
A: Hip adduction O: Ischium and Pubis I: entire line aspera and adductor tubercle N: Obturator and sciatic nerves
52
Gracilis A: O: I:
A: Hip Adduction O: Pubis I: anterior medial surface of the proximal tibia N: Obturator
53
Adductor Longus
A: Hip Adduction O: Pubis I: Middle one third of the linea aspera N: Obturator
54
Adductor Brevis
A: Hip adduction O: Pubis I: proximal line aspera and pectineal linea N: Obturator
55
Name the Hip Extensors
Gluteus Maximus Biceps Femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus
56
What are the hamstrings?
Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranous are known as the hamstrings
57
Biceps Femoris (hamstrings) long head
A: Long Head: Hip Extension , and knee flexion O: Long Head: Ischial Tuberosity I: Fibular Head N: sciatic nerve
58
Semitendinosus (hamstrings)
A: Hip extension & knee flexion O: ischial tuberosity I: anteromedial surface of the proximal tibia N: Sciatic nerve
59
Semimembranosus (hamstrings)
A: hip extension, knee flexion O: ischial tuberosity I: posterior medial condyle of the tibial posterior surface of the medial condyle of the tibia N: Sciatic Nerve
60
Bi ceps Femoris (short head)
A: Short Head: Knee Flexion O: Short Head: Lateral Lip of the Linea Aspera I: Fibular Head N: common peroneal nerve
61
Gluteus Maximus
A: Hip Extension, hyperextension, lateral rotation O: Posterior sacrum and ilium I: posterior femur distal to greater trochanter and iliotibial band N: Inferior gluteal nerve
62
Name the hip lateral rotators and A O I
Obturator externus, internus Gemellus Superior, inferior Quadratus femoris Piriformis A: Hip Lateral Rotation O: Posterior ischium, sacrum, pubis I: greater trochanter of the femur N: Obturator and L4, L5, S1, S2
63
What are the rotator cuff muscles? What do they do?
Obturator externus, internus Gemellus Superior, inferior Quadratus femoris Piriformis muscles of the hip that provide fine tuning during hip motion
64
Name the Medial Rotators
Gluteus Medius Gluteus Minimis Tensor Fascia Latae Pectineus
65
Depending on the hip position what other muscles are involved in medial rotation?
The adductors may also produce hip medial rotation depending on the hip position.
66
Gluteus Medius A O I
A: Medial Rotation, and hip abduction O: outer surface of the ilium I: lateral aspect of the greater trochanter N: Superior gluteal nerve
67
Gluteus Minimus
A: Medial rotation, hip abduction O: Lateral ilium I: Anterior surface of the greater trochanter N: Superior gluteal nerve
68
What muscle shape is the gluteal medius?
The gluteus medius is fan shaped.
69
How many bones are in the foot and ankle?
They're are 26 bones of the foot and ankle
70
What bones are below the knee?
Tibia & Fibula (leg) Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges
71
How many tarsal bones are there? How many metatarsals are there? How many phalanges do we have?
7 tarsals 5 metatarsals 14 phalanges
72
Name the Posterior Superficial Group of the LE
Plantaris Soleus Gastronemius
73
Gastronemius
A: Ankle plantar flexion & Knee flexion O: Medial and Lateral Femur Condyles I: Posterior Calcaneus N: Tibial Nerve
74
Plantaris
A: Weak assits in ankle plantar flexion and knee extension O: Posterios lateral femur condyle I: Posterior Calcaneus N: Tibial Nerve
75
Soleus
A: Ankle Plantar flexion O: Posterior Tibia and Fibula I: Posterior Calcaneus N: Tibial Nerve
76
Name the Deep Group of the LE
Long Toe Flexors Flexor Hallucis Longus Flexor Digotorum Longus Tibialis posterior
77
Flexor Hallucis Longus
A: flexes great toe; assists in inversion and plantar flexion of the ankle O: posterior fibula and interosseous membrane I: distal phalanx of the great toe N: tibial nerve
78
Flexor Digitorum Longus
A: Flexes the four lesser toes; assits in ankle inversion and plantar flexion of the ankle O: posterior tibia I: distal phalanx of four lesser toes N: tibial nerve
79
Tibialis Posterior
A: ankle inversion; assists in plantar flexion O: interosseous membrane, adjacent tibia and fibula I: navicular and most tarsals and metatarsals N: Tibial Nerve
80
Name the Lateral Group (eversion)
Peroneus Longus Peroneus Brevis
81
Peroneus Longus
A: Eversion & assists in ankle plantar flexion O: Lateral proximal fibula & interosseous membrane I: Plantar surface of the first cuneiform and metatarsal N: superficial peroneal nerve
82
Peroneus Brevis
A: Eversion & assist in plantar flexion O: Lateral distal fibula I: Base of the 5th metatarsal N: superficial peroneal nerve
83
What muscles are part of the anterior group of the LE?
Tibialis Anterior Extensor hallucis longus Extensor digitorum longus Peroneus tertius
84
Tibialis Anterior
A: Dorsiflexion, ankle inversion O: Lateral tibia & interosseous membrane I: first cuneiform and metatarsal N: deep peroneal nerve
85
Extensor Hallucis Longus
A: Extends first toe; assits in ankle inversion and dorsiflexion O: fibula and interosseous membrane I: distal phalanx of great toe N: deep peroneal nerve
86
Extensor digitorum longus
A: extends four lesser toes, assists in ankle dorsiflexion O: fibula, interosseus membrane, tibia I: distal phalanx of four lesser toes N: deep peroneal nerve
87
Peroneus Tertius
A: assists somewhat in ankle eversion and dorsiflexion O: distal medial fibula I: base of fifth metatarsal N: deep peroneal nerve

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