Rapid Urban Change

Question 1

What is urbanisation?

Answer 1

The process by which an increasing percentage of a country’s population come to live in towns and cities.

Question 2

Which regions show the highest levels of urbanisation?

Answer 2

Developed countries.

Question 3

What led to the significant increase in urban population between 1950 and 2015?

Answer 3

The decline of industry in developed countries and industrial growth in emerging countries.

Question 4

What are push-pull factors in the context of urbanisation?

Answer 4

Factors that lead to high rates of rural-to-urban migration, including economic, social, political, and environmental elements.

Question 5

What is the natural increase in population?

Answer 5

The difference between the number of births and the number of deaths in a given population.

Question 6

How does urbanisation vary within countries?

Answer 6

Urbanisation growth rates can differ significantly between different cities and regions within a country.

Question 7

What is a megacity?

Answer 7

A city with more than 10 million people.

Question 8

How many megacities were there in 1970?

Answer 8

4 megacities.

Question 9

Which city had the largest population in 2018?

Answer 9

Tokyo, with close to 37.3 million people.

Question 10

What are the four main factors contributing to the growth of megacities?

Answer 10

• Economic development
• Population growth
• Economies of scale
• Multiplier effect

Question 11

What are world cities?

Answer 11

Cities that exert particular influences around the globe, regardless of their size.

Question 12

What are the three top (alpha) world cities?

Answer 12

• London
• New York
• Tokyo

Question 13

What is urban primacy?

Answer 13

When a city exerts dominance over the rest of the country, often being the largest urban population center.

Question 14

What is the significance of urban primacy?

Answer 14

It concentrates economic growth and political power in the primate city, often to the detriment of smaller towns.

Question 15

What is counter urbanisation?

Answer 15

The movement of people from urban areas to surrounding rural regions.

Question 16

What percentage of urban growth is attributed to natural increase?

Answer 16

Approximately 60%.

Question 17

What are some examples of push factors?

Answer 17

• High levels of unemployment
• Poor living conditions
• Lack of opportunities

Question 18

What are some examples of pull factors?

Answer 18

• Higher wages
• Better lifestyle
• Improved education and healthcare

Question 19

What is the positive multiplier effect?

Answer 19

An economic phenomenon where growth in one area leads to further growth in others, creating a cycle of development.

Question 20

What is a growth pole?

Answer 20

An area focused on economic growth, often around ports and urban cores.

Question 21

What can happen if a city’s economic growth slows?

Answer 21

The city may begin to decline, leading to a downward spiral of investment and population loss.

Question 22

Which city is an example of urban economic decline?

Answer 22

Detroit, USA.

Question 23

What is the impact of urban sprawl?

Answer 23

It can lead to the reclassification of rural regions as urban and the creation of conurbations.

Question 24

What is the primary driver of rural-urban migration?

Answer 24

The combination of rural push factors and urban pull factors.

Question 25

What is urbanisation pathway?

Answer 25

The process by which countries become more urban as they develop economically.

Question 26

Fill in the blank: Urbanisation accounts for roughly _______ of urban population growth.

Answer 26

60%

Question 27

What is informal employment?

Answer 27

Any employment which is unregulated and unofficial ## Footnote More than 60% of the world's employed population work in informal employment, with 93% in developing and emerging countries.

Question 28

What percentage of informal employment is found in developing and emerging countries?

Answer 28

93% ## Footnote Most informal employment occurs in the tertiary sector.

Question 29

List three examples of jobs in the informal economy.

Answer 29

* Shoe shining * Rubbish collecting * Selling fruit or other products on the street

Question 30

What are two characteristics of formal employment?

Answer 30

* Workers have a contract * Jobs where workers pay taxes

Question 31

Identify one characteristic of formal employment.

Answer 31

Workers pay taxes on their earnings ## Footnote This implies legal protections and job security.

Question 32

What is the capital of Bangladesh and its population?

Answer 32

Dhaka, with a population of 22.5 million people

Question 33

Approximately how many people migrate to Dhaka each year?

Answer 33

400,000

Question 34

What percentage of Dhaka's population is engaged in informal employment?

Answer 34

Over 75%

Question 35

List three types of informal employment in Dhaka.

Answer 35

* Rickshaw drivers * Waste related workers * Casual workers in restaurants and hotels

Question 36

What are two characteristics of Dhaka's informal sector?

Answer 36

* Low pay * Poor and unhealthy working conditions

Question 37

What is the capital of the UK and its population?

Answer 37

London, with a population of 9.5 million

Question 38

What sector makes up 24% of all employment in London?

Answer 38

Business services

Question 39

What percentage of employment in London is estimated to be informal?

Answer 39

About 10%

Question 40

What is counter-urbanisation?

Answer 40

Population movement from urban areas to the countryside

Question 41

List two causes of counter-urbanisation.

Answer 41

* Increased wealth * Mobility and accessibility

Question 42

What is re-urbanisation?

Answer 42

The movement of people back into the cities from the surrounding area

Question 43

What are two factors that contribute to re-urbanisation?

Answer 43

* Increase in jobs * Regeneration of older areas

Question 44

What is deindustrialisation?

Answer 44

The closure of factories and industries leading to derelict land

Question 45

What is a central core in urban land use?

Answer 45

The oldest part of a city, home to the central business district (CBD)

Question 46

Name the four general features all towns and cities exhibit.

Answer 46

* A central core * An inner-city ring * A suburban ring * An urban fringe

Question 47

How does land use pattern develop in urban areas?

Answer 47

As a result of accessibility, planning decisions, land cost/value, and topography

Question 48

What is the main reason for commercial land use being mostly in the CBD?

Answer 48

Accessibility

Question 49

What influences residential land use in urban areas?

Answer 49

Housing increases in size with distance from the CBD due to lower land costs

Question 50

Fill in the blank: The movement of people from urban areas into surrounding rural regions is called _______.

Answer 50

counter-urbanisation

Question 51

True or False: Informal employment provides workers with legal protection.

Answer 51

False

Question 52

Name one factor that influences land use in an urban area.

Answer 52

Any of the following: Accessibility, Availability, Cost, Physical geography features, Planning regulations