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Development Dynamics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Development defined as?

A

The progress of a country as it becomes more economically and technologically advanced

It refers to positive changes in people’s quality of life, such as happiness, educational opportunities, increased incomes, human rights, access to clean water, and healthier living conditions.

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2
Q

What are the three main categories of resources necessary for economic development?

A
  • Natural resources (minerals, soils, climate, etc.)
  • Human resources (workers, capital, technology, etc.)
  • Internal boosters (government intervention, businesses)
  • External boosters (Transnational Corporations, globalisation, international agencies)

These resources and boosters are essential for utilizing a country’s potential for development.

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3
Q

What are the strands of development?

A
  • Economic: increasing levels of pay, standard of living, productivity
  • Demographic: life expectancy, birth control, migration rights
  • Social: equal opportunities, access to education and healthcare
  • Cultural: education, diversity, traditions, heritage
  • Political: free speech, democracy, human rights, voting rights
  • Environmental: pollution controls, conservation

These strands reflect that development is not only about wealth but also encompasses various social and environmental aspects.

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4
Q

What is the development gap?

A

The differences between levels of development among countries

For example, Germany is more developed than Mexico, while Egypt is less developed than Mexico.

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5
Q

How is development measured?

A

Using indicators that reflect various strands of development

This includes social indicators like life expectancy and economic indicators like GDP.

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6
Q

What does GDP stand for and what does it measure?

A

Gross Domestic Product; it measures the total value of a country’s output of goods and services produced in a given year

GDP is a traditional method of measuring a country’s economic wealth.

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7
Q

What is the Human Development Index (HDI)?

A

A composite index that uses life expectancy, literacy rate, education level, and GNI to calculate a country’s development score between 0 (least developed) and 1 (most developed)

HDI provides a broader understanding of human development beyond just economic measures.

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8
Q

True or False: GDP per capita is always a good indicator of quality of life.

A

False

GDP per capita can be misleading as it does not account for income distribution, spending priorities, or other quality of life factors.

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9
Q

What social measures are used to assess development?

A
  • Literacy Rate
  • Life Expectancy
  • People per Doctor
  • Birth Rate
  • Infant Mortality Rate
  • Death Rate
  • Access to Safe Water

These measures reflect the social aspects of development, highlighting health and education.

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10
Q

What is the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)?

A

A model illustrating the five stages of population change that countries pass through as they develop

It shows how birth and death rates change over time and the resulting population effects.

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11
Q

In which stage of the DTM do birth rates begin to decline significantly?

A

Stage 3

This stage is characterized by a falling birth rate due to increased access to birth control and family planning.

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: The higher the score in Transparency International’s corruption index, the _______.

A

[less corruption has been found]

Countries like Denmark and New Zealand score high in this index, indicating low levels of corruption.

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13
Q

What are the typical characteristics of developing countries in terms of fertility and death rates?

A
  • High fertility rates
  • High death rates

These rates often improve as education and access to healthcare increase.

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of developed countries in terms of population structure?

A
  • Low birth rates
  • Low death rates
  • Balanced age structure

In developed countries, families tend to have fewer children, and healthcare access contributes to longer life expectancy.

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15
Q

What is the birth rate in South Korea?

A

0.81 children per woman

This is the lowest birth rate in the world.

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16
Q

What is the average birth rate across the world’s HICs?

A

1.6 children per woman

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17
Q

What is the minimum number of children per couple needed to maintain a stable population without migration?

A

2.1 children

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18
Q

What does population structure refer to?

A

The characteristics of a population, including age, sex, ethnicity, and religion.

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19
Q

What factors contribute to changes in population structure?

A
  • Fertility
  • Mortality
  • Migration
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20
Q

What is a population pyramid?

A

A graphical representation of the age and sex structure of a population.

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21
Q

What can population pyramids help governments assess?

A

The needs of the population for services such as healthcare and education.

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22
Q

What are the three groups identified by population pyramids?

A
  • Young dependents
  • Old dependents
  • Economically active (working population)
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23
Q

What shape does Niger’s population pyramid have?

A

Concave

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24
Q

What stage of demographic transition model (DTM) is Niger in?

A

Stage 2

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25
What implications arise from ageing populations?
* Increased pension payments * Need for care homes * Pressure on healthcare services * Fewer workers leading to reduced tax revenue
26
What are the implications of falling birth rates?
* School closures due to fewer children * Future workforce shortages
27
What issue does migration cause in the UAE's population structure?
Significantly more males than females
28
What percentage of the UAE's population are males aged 25-39?
29%
29
What causes a decrease in birth rates as a country develops?
* Increased availability of contraception * Education about family planning * Decreased infant mortality * More opportunities for women
30
What causes a decrease in death rates as a country develops?
* Improvements in healthcare * Better diet and food availability
31
In which stages of the demographic transition model is the population typically younger?
Stages 1 and 2
32
What are the four key areas to consider when interpreting a population pyramid?
* Young dependents * Working population * Old dependents * Male/female split
33
How is the dependency ratio calculated?
Dependency ratio = (young dependents + old dependents) / working population × 100
34
What environmental factors contribute to global inequalities?
* Climate hazards * Hostile topography * Poor healthcare and education * Demographic inequalities
35
What historical factor is mentioned as a cause of global inequality?
Colonialism
36
What is neo-colonialism?
Control between countries through soft power rather than direct military control.
37
What is the cycle of wealth in economic development?
* Economic development creates wealth * Increased tax revenue and disposable income * Investment in infrastructure and services
38
What does the 'champagne glass' model represent?
Global income inequality showing that the richest 20% own 80% of the world's GDP.
39
What are some reasons for migration?
* Economic opportunities * Lack of clean water * Political instability * Vulnerability to natural disasters
40
What are the five stages of Rostow's Modernisation Theory?
* Traditional society * Pre-conditions for take off * Take off * Drive to maturity * High mass consumption
41
What is a criticism of Rostow's model?
It is outdated and assumes all countries start at the same point.
42
What does Frank's Dependency Theory suggest about developing countries?
They are poor due to past relationships with developed countries.
43
In Frank's Dependency Theory, what do 'core' countries represent?
Developed nations like Europe and North America.
44
What do periphery countries provide to core countries in Frank's theory?
Low-value raw materials.
45
What does Frank's Dependency Theory propose?
Countries are poor due to past relationships with other countries ## Footnote Developed in opposition to Rostow's model, emphasizing the dependence of peripheries on the core.
46
In Frank's Dependency Theory, what is the core represented by?
Powerful developed countries like Europe and North America ## Footnote The core processes low-value raw materials from the periphery into high-value goods.
47
What is the role of the periphery in Frank's Dependency Theory?
Produces and sells low-value raw materials to the core ## Footnote Examples include coffee beans, sugar, and cocoa.
48
What are some criticisms of Frank's Dependency Theory?
* Does not account for emerging countries * Ignores countries that were never colonized but are undeveloped * Aid dependency and internal corruption hinder development * Other factors like being landlocked affect development * Small countries struggle to raise investment capital
49
What characterizes top-down development strategies?
Aimed at an economic level, involving large projects to improve incomes ## Footnote Often requires high levels of technical support and foreign funding.
50
Give examples of top-down development strategies.
* Major roads, bridges, and railways * New airports and ports * Hydroelectric power dams
51
What is free trade?
Countries do not charge tariffs and quotas between themselves ## Footnote Encourages trading free of taxes and charges.
52
How does investment contribute to development?
Provides employment and income in developing countries ## Footnote Example: Chinese companies investing in Africa.
53
What is the impact of industrial development on economies?
Brings employment, higher incomes, and investment opportunities ## Footnote Example: China's shift from agriculture to manufacturing.
54
How can tourism impact a developing country?
Leads to investment and increased income ## Footnote Can create jobs but is vulnerable during recessions.
55
What is debt relief?
Cancelling debts of developing countries to free up funds for development ## Footnote Example: IMF cancelled debts for 19 of the poorest countries.
56
What are bottom-up development strategies focused on?
Social development through community projects ## Footnote Aimed at improving health, education, or food supplies locally.
57
Give examples of bottom-up development strategies.
* Wells and water pumps * Schools and health clinics * Training for farmers
58
What is the role of aid in development?
Donated resources to improve people's lives ## Footnote Can include money, emergency supplies, food, or technology.
59
What does 'intermediate technology' refer to?
Sustainable projects tailored to local community needs ## Footnote Example: Micro-hydro projects in Nepal.
60
What is Fairtrade?
International movement for fair trade practices ## Footnote Helps producers in poor countries and invests back into local communities.
61
What are microfinance loans?
Small-scale financial support aimed at women for self-sufficiency ## Footnote Example: Grameen Bank in Bangladesh.
62
What are the advantages of bottom-up development strategies?
* Targets specific needs of local people * Creates local jobs
63
What are the disadvantages of top-down development strategies?
* Governments may rely on NGOs * High-tech investments can be costly to maintain * Local people may not benefit
64
How has globalization impacted development?
Facilitated trade but benefits are uneven among countries ## Footnote Countries embracing globalization see more progress.
65
What are advantages of globalization for emerging countries?
* Creation of new jobs * Improved income levels * Better quality of life
66
What are some disadvantages of globalization?
* Poor working conditions in factories * Low wages and exploitation * Limited benefits for local economies
67
What is a key challenge for Sub-Saharan Africa in globalization?
Poor infrastructure and physical land features limit development ## Footnote Continues to face challenges despite attempts to integrate.
68
What is the disadvantage of TNC investment in developing countries?
TNCs may relocate for profit, leading to poor working conditions ## Footnote Higher-level jobs often remain in the TNC's home country.

GCSE Geography (8 decks)

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