RAT 10

Question 1

Describe some important functions of joints.

Answer 1

• joints enable movement
• joints provide stability
• joints allow long bones to lengthen

Question 2

Functional Classification

Answer 2

according to the amount of motion they allow

Question 3

Structural Classification

Answer 3

according to their anatomical features

Question 4

Synarthrosis

Answer 4

doesn’t allow movement; greatest stability

Question 5

Amphiarthrosis

Answer 5

only a small amount of movement; less stability than synarthrosis

Question 6

Diarthrosis

Answer 6

freely moveable; least amount of stability

Question 7

What are the 3 structural classification of joints?

Answer 7

Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial

Question 8

What do all fibrous joints have in common?

Answer 8

dense regular collagenous connective tissue

Question 9

What are the structural and functional properties of a suture? Where are sutures located?

Answer 9

• very stable synarthrosis
• skull bones
• held together by very short collagen fibers that are part of dense regular collagenous connective tissue

Question 10

What are the structural and functional properties of gomphoses?

Answer 10

• synarthrosis
• function: provide function and hold the tooth in place

Question 11

Where are gomphoses located?

Answer 11

Between a tooth and its corresponding alveolus in the mandible/maxilla

Question 12

Single form of Gomphoses

Answer 12

gomphosis

Question 13

What is the name for the ligament in gomphoses?

Answer 13

Periodontal ligament

Question 14

What are the structural and functional properties of symdesmoses?

Answer 14

Fibrous, Amphiarthroses

Question 15

Where are syndesmoses located?

Answer 15

Between radius and ulna / between fibula and tibia

Question 16

What do all cartilaginous joints have in common?

Answer 16

All held together by cartilage

Question 17

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

Answer 17

Synchondroses
Symphyses

Question 18

What type of tissue joins bones in a synchondrosis?

Answer 18

Hyaline

Question 19

How is synchondrosis classified functionally?

Answer 19

Synarthroses

Question 20

List three examples of synchondrosis

Answer 20

Epiphyseal plate
Intervertebral joint
Pubic symphysis

Question 21

What type of tissue join bones in a symphysis?

Answer 21

Fibrocartilage pad

Question 22

List two examples of a symphysis

Answer 22

Intervertebral joint
Pubic symphysis

Question 23

Gliding Movement

Answer 23

When 2 bones slide on one another’s surfaces

Question 24

Describe the lateral flexion of the following: head and trunk

Answer 24

moving something to the side

Question 25

Abduction

Answer 25

The motion of a limb of appendage away from the midline of the body Ex. Raising your arms to the side

Question 26

Adduction

Answer 26

Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body Ex. If you have your arms out out, bringing them back to your body

Question 27

Circumduction

Answer 27

Where the limb moves in a circle Ball and socket joint Ex. Hip and shoulder

Question 28

Internal (medial) Rotation

Answer 28

Rotational movement toward the median plane

Question 29

External (lateral) Rotation

Answer 29

Rotation away from the center of the body

Question 30

What joint movement is associated with the opposable thumb?

Answer 30

Saddle joint

Question 31

What is reposition?

Answer 31

Restoration of an organ or tissue to its correct or original position

Question 32

Elevation and Depression

Answer 32

- movements of the mandible or scapulae within the frontal plane - moving lower jaw in a downward direction = depression - moving mandible upward = elevation

Question 33

Protraction

Answer 33

Scapulae move forward and to the side (anterolateral)

Question 34

Retraction

Answer 34

Scapulae move back and toward the middle (posteromedial)

Question 35

Supination and Pronation

Answer 35

When your palm or forearm faces up, it’s supinated. When your palm or forearm faces down, it’s pronated

Question 36

What type of tissues compose skeletal muscles?

Answer 36

Skeletal Connective Nervous

Question 37

What is another term for a skeletal muscle cell?

Answer 37

Skeletal Muscle Fibers

Question 38

Name the connective tissue that surrounds a muscle cell.

Answer 38

Muscle: endomysium Fascicle: perimysium Entire Muscle: epimysium

Question 39

What composes a motor unit?

Answer 39

A single motor neuron and the multiple muscle fibers it controls

Question 40

How do skeletal muscles work?

Answer 40

Contract in order to generate force

Question 41

What are muscle knots?

Answer 41

Hyperirritable spots in muscle or fascial tissue (bands or sheets of connective tissue) known as myofascial trigger points

Question 42

What causes muscle knots?

Answer 42

Repetitive motion

Question 43

What provides most of the force for a given movement? What is an alternate name for this term?

Answer 43

Agonist; prime mover

Question 44

Antagonist

Answer 44

Usually lies on the opposite side of a joint from its agonist partner and tends to oppose and slow the actions

Question 45

Synergists

Answer 45

Muscles that work together with the agonist; help guide the movement and ensure it is smooth

Question 46

Fixator

Answer 46

Muscles that hold a bone in place, an anchoring function that makes movement more efficient and reduces the risk of injury

Question 47

Why are multiple muscles needed to create a smooth, coordinated movement?

Answer 47

A skeletal’s muscles action depends on the bones or parts to which it is attached and the joints that it crosses

Question 48

Origin

Answer 48

The less moveable attachment point of a muscle on a bone

Question 49

Insertion

Answer 49

The end of a muscle attached to the structure that will be moved when the muscle contracts

Question 50

Force (lever system)

Answer 50

Tension generated by muscle contractions

Question 51

Fulcrum (hinge point)

Answer 51

Joint at which the movement occurs

Question 52

Load

Answer 52

Object you are trying to move

Question 53

When does a lever work at a mechanical advantage?

Answer 53

A relatively small force can move a large load Fulcrum must be located closer to the load being moved and farther away from the force that is moving the load

Question 54

When does a lever work at a mechanical disadvantage?

Answer 54

The fulcrum is located farther from the load being moved and closer to the force moving the load More force has to be applied in order to move the load