RAT 6

Question 1

What are the 4 types of tissues?

Answer 1

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

Question 2

Epithelial

Answer 2

Cover and line all body surfaces; form glands

Question 3

Connective

Answer 3

Kind of cellular velcro; connects all tissues together; bind, support, protect, and allow the transport of substances through the body

Question 4

Muscle

Answer 4

Composed of cells that can contract and generate force

Question 5

Nervous

Answer 5

Has ECM cells that can generate, send, and receive messages

Question 6

What is extracellular matrix (ECM)?

Answer 6

Composed of the substances surrounding the cells in a tissue

Question 7

What are the 2 main components in ECM?

Answer 7

Ground Substance, Protein Fibers

Question 8

Important Functions of ECM

Answer 8

• holding cells in their proper positions
• regulating the development, mitotic activity, and survival of cells
• directing cells to their proper places within a tissue
• providing the tissue with the strength to resist tensile (stretching) and compressive forces

Question 9

What are the 3 types of proteins found in ECM?

Answer 9

• collagen fibers
• elastic fibers
• reticular fibers

Question 10

What is high tensile strength? Which protein exhibits this?

Answer 10

• maximum stress something can withstand without breaking while being pulled or stretched
• collagen fibers

Question 11

Distensibilility

Answer 11

Stretched to one and a half times their resting length without breaking

Question 12

Elasticity

Answer 12

When stretching force is removed, they return to their original length

Question 13

Which fibers interweave to form a netlike supporting structure?

Answer 13

Reticular

Question 14

What are the 3 types of junctions that unite cells in a tissue?

Answer 14

• Tight Junctions
• Desmosomes
• Gap Junctions

Question 15

Tight Junctions

Answer 15

Help to make the spaces between cells impermeable

Question 16

Desmosomes

Answer 16

Increase the resistance of the tissue to mechanical stress

Question 17

Gap Junctions

Answer 17

Allow small substances to move from one cell to another

Question 18

Where are epithelial tissues found?

Answer 18

On every internal and external body surface

Question 19

What are the functions of epithelial tissues?

Answer 19

Protection
Immune defenses
Secretion
Transport into other tissues
Sensation

Question 20

How can you identify the nucleus of a cell?

Answer 20

Dark purple

Question 21

How can you identify ground substances.

Answer 21

Generally either looks clear or has just a slight tinge of color

Question 22

How can you identify proteins?

Answer 22

Look like wavy or straight lines

Question 23

How can you identify red blood cells?

Answer 23

Clusters of small, light red, round discs that lack nuclei

Question 24

Epithelial tissue lacks blood vessels. What is the term for this?

Answer 24

Avascular

Question 25

How does epithelial tissue get oxygen and nutrients and dispose of waste if it lacks blood vessels?

Answer 25

Oxygen and nutrients from the blood must diffuse up to the cells in the epithelial tissue from the blood vessels in the tissues that are deep to it (connective tissue)

Question 26

How does this impact the structure of epithelial tissues?

Answer 26

Limits thickness; the stack can rise only so high

Question 27

How much ECM is found in epithelial tissues?

Answer 27

None

Question 28

Where is the ECM of epithelial tissue located and what is its function?

Answer 28

Located beneath the cells; basement membrane

Question 29

What are the 2 parts of the basement membrane?

Answer 29

Basal Lamina Reticular Lamina

Question 30

Basal Lamina

Answer 30

ECM of the epithelial tissue and is synthesized by epithelial cells

Question 31

Reticular Lamina

Answer 31

Manufactured by the connective tissue deep to the epithelial tissue and consists of reticular fibers and ground substance

Question 32

How could you identify the basal and social surfaces of epithelial tissues?

Answer 32

Basal: edge attached to deeper cells or the basal lamina Apical: free edge of an epithelial cell or tissue (-top)

Question 33

What 2 criteria are used to classify epithelial tissues?

Answer 33

- number of cell layers - shape of the cell in those layers

Question 34

What are the categories based on number of cell layers?

Answer 34

Single layer: simple epithelial More than one cell layer: stratified epithelia

Question 35

What are the 3 basic shapes of epithelial cells?

Answer 35

Squamous cells Cuboidal cells Columnar cells

Question 36

How does the structure of simple epithelial aid in their functions?

Answer 36

Perfect for lining hollow organs and for lining surfaces across which substances must diffuse or be transported

Question 37

Why is pseudostratified columnar epithelium classified as a simple tissue?

Answer 37

The nuclei of the cells are at different heights and some of the cells are shorter

Question 38

What are the 2 ways in which substances are transported across simple epithelia?

Answer 38

Paracellular Transport Transcellular Transport

Question 39

Paracellular Transport

Answer 39

Substances can leak between the epithelial cells

Question 40

Transcellular Transport

Answer 40

Substance enters the cell through its phospholipid belayer Diffuses through the cytosol Exits through the other surface of the cell

Question 41

What is a primary function of stratified epithelia?

Answer 41

Very effective protective barriers and they are often found in areas subject to a high degree of mechanical stress

Question 42

What are the three types of stratified epithelia?

Answer 42

Stratified Squamos Epithelium Stratified Cuboidal and Columnar Epithelium Transitional Epithelium

Question 43

What is a gland? What type of tissue forms glands?

Answer 43

Structure that makes and secretes a product Epithelial tissue

Question 44

Which cells make the product in a gland?

Answer 44

Secretory Cells

Question 45

Exocrine

Answer 45

Release secretions to apical surface of the epithelium

Question 46

Endocrine

Answer 46

Lack ducts and secrete their products, which are usually hormones, directly into the blood

Question 47

What are unicellular glands? What is the most common type of unicellular gland? What is the product of this gland?

Answer 47

Single cells to goblet cells to mucous

Question 48

What is a multicellular gland?

Answer 48

Made of clusters of secretory cells arranged in different ways

Question 49

What is the primary functions of the pectoral girdle?

Answer 49

Support the upper limb (humerus) and are the sites attachment of numerous muscles

Question 50

Which bones compose the pectoral girdle?

Answer 50

Clavicle and Scapula

Question 51

What is the common name for the clavicle?

Answer 51

Collarbone

Question 52

What are the names of the two ends of the clavicles? With which structure does each articulate?

Answer 52

Sternal end: manubrium Acromial end: acromion

Question 53

How does this bone appear if you look down at it from above?

Answer 53

S-shaped

Question 54

How do most most fractures of this bone occur?

Answer 54

Direct trauma of from falling onto an unstretched arm

Question 55

What is the general shape of this bone?

Answer 55

Triangular

Question 56

What are the names for the three edges of the triangle?

Answer 56

Medial Lateral Superior borders

Question 57

What are the names for the three points of the triangle?

Answer 57

Superior Inferior Lateral

Question 58

The spine of the scapula is a continuation of what structure?

Answer 58

Acromion

Question 59

Is the spine located on the anterior of the posterior side of the scapula?

Answer 59

Posterior

Question 60

What is the depression located above the spine?

Answer 60

Supraspinous fossa

Question 61

What is the small indentation where the humerus articulates?

Answer 61

Glenoid fossa

Question 62

What is the structure that protrudes from the anterior side of the scapula and resembles a bent little finger?

Answer 62

Coracoid process

Question 63

What is the name of the depression on the anterior side of the scapula?

Answer 63

Subscapular fossa