RAT 7 Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
Describe the functions of connective tissues (CT).
A
- connective and binding
- support
- protection
- transport
2
Q
What does all CT have in common?
A
Their ECM playing an extensive role in their functions
3
Q
Where is CT proper located?
A
All over body
4
Q
List the cells found in CT proper.
A
Resident cells
Migrant cells
5
Q
Adipocytes
A
Fat cells that store lipids
6
Q
Mast Cells
A
Immune system cells involved in inflammation
7
Q
Phagocytes
A
Immune system cells that ingest foreign substances
8
Q
Fibroblasts
A
Produce protein fibers and ground substance
9
Q
Phagocytes
A
Macrophages are an example
10
Q
What is another term for loose CT?
A
Aerolar connective tissue
11
Q
What is the primary component of loose CT?
A
Ground substance
12
Q
Where is loose CT found?
A
Beneath the epithelium, around blood vessels, and in serous membranes
13
Q
What is the primary function of loose CT?
A
Functions in support and contains many blood vessels, whose nutrients and oxygen diffuse up to the superficial epithelial cells
14
Q
What is the primary component of dense CT?
A
Protein Fibers
15
Q
What are the 3 types of dense CT?
A
Dense irregular
Dense regular collagenous
Dense regular elastic
16
Q
What is the primary component in dense irregular CT? How is it arranged? Why?
A
- collagen fiber
- haphazardly
- makes it strong and resist tension in all 3 planes
17
Q
Where is dense irregular CT found?
A
Dermis of skin
18
Q
What is the primary component of dense regular CT? How is it arranged? Why?
A
- thick collagen fibers
- single direction
- resist tension in only 1 plane
19
Q
Where is dense regular CT found?
A
Tendons and Ligaments
20
Q
What is another term for dense regular elastic CT?
A
Elastic tissue
21
Q
What is the primary component in elastic tissue?
A
Parallel elastic fibers
22
Q
Where is elastic tissue found?
A
In the lining of large blood vessels and in certain ligaments (spine)
23
Q
Describe the structure of reticular tissue
A
Interweaved to form fine networks that support small structures
24
Q
Where is reticular tissue found?
A
Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow
25
What is another term for adipose tissue?
Fat tissue
26
What are some important functions of adipose tissue?
Insulation, warmth, shock absorption, protection, energy reserve
27
Where is adipose tissue located?
Abdomen, breast, hips, buttocks, thighs
28
Describe some key properties of cartilage
- absorbs shock
- resistant to tension
- compression
- shearing forces
29
Which cell produces most of the ECM in cartilage?
Chondroblasts
30
What do those chondroblasts become as they mature? Where are they located?
Chondrocytes
Located in small cavities in the ECM (lacunae)
31
Describe the blood supply to cartilage
Avascular
32
What are the three classes of cartilage? Which is most abundant?
Hyaline (must abundant)
Fibrocartilage
Elastic
33
Where is hyaline cartilage located?
Ends of bones where they form joints
34
What dominates the ECM of fibrocartilage?
Ground substance
35
Where is fibrocartilage located?
Fibrous joints
Intervertebral discs
36
How does elastic cartilage differ from other types?
Dominantly elastic fibers
37
Where is elastic cartilage located?
External ear
Epiglottis
38
What is another term for bone tissues?
Osseous tissue
39
Which cell builds bone? What does this cell become as it matures? Where is the mature cell located?
Osteoblasts
Become osteocytes
Lacunae
40
Which cell breaks down bones?
Osteoclasts
41
Compared to other CT, what is unique about blood?
ECM is fluid
42
What is the name of the ECM in blood?
Plasma
43
What are the 2 main types of cells in blood?
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
44
What is a platelet? What is its function?
Blood contains cellular fragments
Play a role in the blood clotting process
45
What is unique about muscle tissue?
Specialized for contraction
46
Where is nervous tissue located?
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
47
What are the two main types of cells in nervous tissues?
Neurons
Neuroglial cells
48
What is the main function of neurons?
Send and receive messages
49
What is the main function of neuroglial cells?
Performs various supportive functions
50
What is the largest organ in the body?
Skin
51
What is another term for the skin?
Cutaneous membrane
52
What are the two main components of skin?
Superficial epidermis (rests on top of basement membrane)
Deep dermis
53
List some accessory structures of the skin
Hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
54
What tissue composes the epidermis?
Subcutaneous
55
Why are the cells in the outer layer of the epidermis all dead?
Too far away from the blood supply
56
What layer is found deep to the dermis? Is this layer part of the skin?
Hypodermis
No
57
What are some alternate terms for hypodermis? What tissue compose the hypodermis?
Superficial fascia; subcutaneous tissue
Loose connective tissue
58
Why is this layer of importance clinically?
Good place to administer medicines
59
Functions of the skin
Protection, sensation, thermoregulation
60
Give some specific examples of how the skin helps to protect the body
Mechanical trauma
Pathogens
Environment
61
What is the acid mantle?
Slightly acidic pH of skin
62
How does the skin create a waterproof layer? Why is this important?
Create non polar covalent bonds
Keeps water from both entering and leaving the body
63
What is sensation critical to homeostasis?
Allows us to detect potentially harmful stimuli
64
What is thermoregulation?
Regulation of body temperature
65
Why is vitamin D important in the body?
Aids in the absorption of calcium
66
Where is the epidermis located?
Top layer of skin
67
What tissue composes the epidermis? What is the most common cell in the epidermis?
Stratified squamous epithelium
Keratinocytes
68
What do keratinocytes produce? What is the role of this substance?
Manufacture keratin
Makes a tissue tougher and more resistant to mechanical stress
69
What type of cell junction joins keratinocytes together?
Desmosomes
70
What is the deepest layer of the epidermis? How thick is this layer? What is the shape of the cells in this layer?
- stratum basale (basal layer)
- single layer of stem cells
- slightly cuboidal/columnar
71
The good blood supply to this layer allow for what process to occur?
Allow these keratinocytes to be mitotically active
72
UV radiation allows for the production of what substance in this layer?
Precursor of vitamin D
73
What layer is immediately superficial to the stratum basale? What is the primary cell in this layer? How did this layer get its name?
- stratum spinous
- cytoskeleton filaments
- cells appear spiky
74
What is the next layer of the epidermis? Describe its appearance.
Stratum lucidum
Clear layer
75
What is the most superficial layer of the epidermis? What happens to the most superficial cells?
- stratum corneum
- lose their desmosomes, exfoliated mechanically
76
Which type of medications cross the epidermis most easily? Why?
- topical
- minimal risk of systemic absorption
77
Where is thick skin located in the body? What is lacking in thick skin? Which layer is particularly thicker in thick skin?
- palms of our hands, palmar surfaces of the fingers, the sores of the feet
- hair follicles
- stratum corneum
78
Where is thin skin located? How many epidermal layers are found in thin skin? Which layer is not found in thin skin?
- located everywhere on the body
- 4 epidermal stratified
- stratum lucidum
79
What are the two projections on the proximal end of the humerus?
Head
Anatomical neck
80
What is the name for the groove between these two projections?
Anatomical neck
81
Anatomical neck
Humerus
82
Surgical neck
Junction between the proximal epiphysis and the diaphysis region
83
With what structure does the head of the humerus articulate?
Glenoid fossa of the scapula
84
What are the names of the two ends of the distal epiphysis?
Medial epicondlye
Lateral epicondyle
85
What is the name of the structure on the distal end of the humerus with a rounded shape like a head?
Lateral capitulum
86
What are some steps you can take to help you interpret a micrograph?
1. Identify the cells and the ECM
2. Notice how the cells are shaped and arranged
3. Notice how the ECMA is arranged
4. Determine the class of tissue
87
Describe the blood supply of the epidermis.
Epidermis does not contain blood vessels
88
What type of cell junction joins keratinocytes together? What is the benefit of this?
- numerous desmosomes
- allows them to be shed or exfoliated mechanically
89
What layer is immediately superficial to the stratum basale? What is the primary cell in this layer? How did this layer get its name?
Stratum Spinosum
Prickle cell layer: named for the fact that it’s cells appear spiky due to bundles of cytoskeletal filaments in the periphery of the cells that attach to desmosomes
90
What 2 processes that occur in the stratum basale also occur in the stratum spinosum?
- part of the stratum germinativum
- also produce vitamin D
91
How did the middle layer of the epidermis get its name?
Stratum Granulosum
Granular layer: prominent cytoplasmic granules in its cells
92
What is the function of the substance released in the stratum granulosum? Why is this important?
Lipid based substance
Acts as a water barriers and prevents the passage of hydrophilic molecules into or out of the skin
93
Dendritic (Langerhans) Cells
Phagocytes of the immune system that protect the skin and deeper tissues from pathogens
94
Meeker Cells
Function to detect light touch and differentiate shapes and textures
95
Melanocytes
Produce melanin
96
Where is thin skin located? How many epidermal layers are found in thin skin? Which layer is not found in thin skin?
Most of the body
4 layers of epidermal strata
Lacks the stratum lucidum
97
What is the name of the structure on the distal end of the humerus that is shaped like a spool of threads. Which bone articulates here?
Lateral radial fossa and Medial coronoid fossa
Trochlea
98
Where is the head of the radius located?
Proximal epiphysis
99
Where is the radial neck located? Where is the radial tuberosity located?
Radial neck: distal of the radial head
Radial tuberosity: medial side of the bone and is attachment of the biceps brachii muscle
100
What is the name of the distal radial structure where it articulates with the ulna?
Ulnar notch
101
What is the name of the projection located at the lateral tip of the radius?
Radial styloid process
102
Where is the trochlear notch located? What structure articulates here?
Where the trochlea of the humerus fits
Olecranon
103
What is the name of the anterior lip of the trochlear notch?
Coronoid process
104
What is the name of the knob on the posterior side of the elbow?
Olecranon
105
What is the name of the ulnar structure where the ulna articulates with the radius proximally?
Humerus
106
Where is the head of the ulna located? Is this a typical location for the head of a long bone?
Narrow distal epiphysis
No
107
What is the name of the distal medial projection of the ulna?
Styloid process
108
What is the name for the bones of the wrist?
Carpals
109
What is the name for the bones in the hand? How are these bones numbered?
Metacarpals
Numbered I-V from lateral to medial
110
What is the name for the bones in the fingers? What is the singular form for this term?
Phalanges
Phalanx
111
What are three descriptors needed to specify a certain phalanx?
Proximal
Middle
Distal
