Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathology > RBC Pathology 2 > Flashcards

RBC Pathology 2 Flashcards

(73 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

(T/F) Humans are totally dependent on dietary Vitamin B12

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Vitamin B12 is absorbed in what part of the small intestine?

A

Ileum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Intrinsic factor is secreted by parietal cells in the _______ muscosa of the stomach

A

Fundic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Vitamin B12 takes the _____ group from methyltetrahydrofolate and transfers a carbon to homocysteine to form __________

A

Methyl; methionine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

___________ delivers vitamin B12 to the liver and other cells of the body

A

Transcobalamin II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

2 pathways where vitamin B12 is used

A

1) Conversion of homocysteine to methionine

2) Isomerization of methylmalonyl CoA to Succinyl CoA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In ________ deficiency, both homocysteine and methylmalonic acid are elevated while in ________ deficiency, only homocysteine levels are increased

A

B12; Folic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In Vitamin B12 deficiency, accumulation of methylmalonic acid causes demyelination of the _________ and ________ tract of the spinal cord

A

dorsal and lateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In Vitamin B12 deficiency, provision of folate will improve s/s of _________ but not _______

A

anemia; neurologic symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Enumerate anemias d/t diminished erythropoesis

A

Megaloblastic anemia, pernicious anemia, iron deficiency anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why does folic acid and B12 deficiency cause megaloblastic anemia?

A

B12 and folic acid are needed in nuclear maturation and DNA synthesis causeing nuclear-cytoplasmic asynchrony

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Enumerate the common causes of megaloblastic anemia

A

1) Decreased intake (vegan diet, alcoholics)
2) Impaired absorption
3) Fish tapeworm (competitive uptake)
4) Increased requirements (pregnancy, thyrotoxicosis, cancer, infants)
5) Medication: folic acid antagonists like methotrexate
6) Increased losses (hemodialysis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In PBS of megaloblastic anemia what type of RBC is seen? Which cells are affected?

A

Macrocytic, hyperchromic RBCs; RBCs, Platelets, WBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In PBS of megaloblastic anemia what type of neutrophils are seen?

A

hypersegmented (macropolys)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The reticulocyte count is _________ in megaloblastic anemia. What is seen 5 days after IV administration of B12 / folic acid

A

decreased; striking reticulocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In megaloblastic anemia there is bone marrow ___________ that is hypercellular

A

hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In the BM of megaloblastic anemia, what is the erythroid:myeloid ratio?

A

1:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In megaloblastic anemia, MCHC is always elevated (T/F)

A

false, may be normal to elevated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In pernicious anemia, there are autoantibodies against?

A

Intrinsic factor and/or parietal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe Type I of autoantibodies to intrinsic factor-type of pernicious anemia

A

Blocks attachment of B12 to IF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe Type II of autoantibodies to intrinsic factor-type of pernicious anemia

A

Blocks attachment of B12-IF complex to ileal receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe Type III of autoantibodies to intrinsic factor-type of pernicious anemia

A

Antibodies recognize the alpha and beta subunits of the gastric proton pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Autoantibodies to gastric parietal cells leads to _____ and __________

A

Chronic atrophic gastritis; gastric atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Enumerate the changes seen in pernicious anemia NOT seen in megaloblastic anemia

A

1) Achlorhydria
2) Serum antibodies
3) Atrophy of the stomach
4) Beefy red tongue (atrophy of the tongue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Most common nutritional disorder in developing countries
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA)
26
Causes of IDA
1) Low dietary intake (elderly, infants and the mamamayan who cant afford meat =P) 2) Poor absorption 3) Increased demand (pregnancy, children) 4) Chronic blood loss
27
Which type of heme is more well-absorbed?
Heme iron
28
What are the functional forms of iron?
Heme, myoglobin, catalase
29
What is the storage form of iron? Where are they stored?
Ferritin; bone marrow & macrophages (RES)
30
(T/F) Free iron is highly toxic
True
31
What is ferritin? Where is it found? Where is it MAINLY found?
Iron-protein complex; liver, spleen, BM, skeletal muscle; Macrophages
32
Where is the storage form of iron in macrophages derived from?
breakdown of RBCs
33
Where is hepatocyte iron derived from?
plasma transferrin
34
(T/F) Iron is actively excreted
False, there is very limited iron excretion
35
What is the only way that iron can be removed from the body?
Chelation
36
Protein that ihibits absorption of iron in the gut
Hepcidin
37
Hepcidin is increased in these situations
Anemia of chronic disease | Untreated infections
38
PBS in IDA shows _______ ________ RBCs
hypochromic, microcytic
39
If you see hypochromic, microcytic anemia in adults, what do you check for? In children?
Chronic blood loss; thalassemia or IDA
40
BM in IDA shows __________ sideroblasts
decreased
41
In IDA, serum ____ and _____ are decreased and ______ is increased
Fe and ferritin; TIBC
42
What is the response to treatment in IDA
Reticulocytosis in 3 days
43
Give s/s of IDA
koilonychia, pica, alopecia, atrophic glossitis, atrophic gastritis
44
What constitutes the Plummer Vinson Syndrome?
Esophageal webs + atrophic gastritis + IDA with depressed Hb, Hct, MCV, serum Fe, ferritin
45
Anemias d/t BM failure
aplastic anemia
46
Aplastic anemia is a syndrome of?
chronic primary hematopoetic failure and attendant pancytopenia
47
In the diagnosis of aplastic anemia, the BM shows? PBS shows? and the reticulocyte count is (decreased / increased)?
hypocellular with fat and no hematopoetic elements; Pancytopenia; Decreased
48
2 treatments for aplastic anemia
transplant, immunosuppressive therapy
49
Causes of aplastic anemia
hereditary (Fanconi's anemia) Idiopathic (Stem cell defects) Acquired
50
Give some acquired causes of aplastic anemia
Drugs (chloramphenicol, phenytoin, carbamazapine), Chemicals, infections (CMV, parvovirus, etc), Whole body irradiation
51
The normal histology of the bone marrow shows ___ % fat and ___% hematopoetic cells
50%; 50%
52
How do you histologically differentiate tumoral BM vs BM in aplastic anemia?
Tumoral is hypocellular with no fat while Aplastic anemia is hypocellular with more fat (than hematopoetic cells)
53
Enumerate the clinical features of aplastic anemia
1) Pancytopenia 2) Progressive weakness, pallor, dyspnea 3) Thrombocytopenia 4) Splenomegaly 5) RBCs are slightly macrocytic, normochromic
54
What is a primary BM disorder wherein only the erythroid progenitors are suppressed? What is it usually associated with?
Pure red cell aplasia; neoplasms, thymoma, large granular lymphocytic leukemia
55
Give other causes of anemia
Myelophtisic anemia, chronic renal failure, diffuse liver disease, neoplasia, hypithyroid disease
56
What type of RBC is diagnostic of myelophthisic anemia
teardrop shaped RBC
57
Give the anemias associated with decreased MCHC, MCV and MCH
IDA, thalassemia, Anemia of chornic inflammation
58
Give the anemias associated with increased MCHC, MCV and MCH
Pernicious anemia, B12 deficiency, Folate deficiency
59
Give the anemias associated with normal MCHC, MCV and MCH
Hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia, Polycythemia
60
Which anemia has an increase in color (MCHC) but a decrease in size (MCV)?
Spherocytosis
61
Polycythemia is an increase in _____ with a corresponding increase in ______
RBCs; Hemoglobin
62
What are the 3 types of polycythemia? What is the difference between them?
Relative ( Volume is decreased but RBC not actually increased); Absolute (increase in total RBC); Stress polycythemia (individuals are usually hypertensive, obese & anxious)
63
Primary absolute polycythemia results from?
An intrinsic abnormality oh hematopoetic precursors, neoplastic condition
64
Secondary absolute polycythemia results from?
Increased erythropoetin secretion that may be compensatory or pathologic
65
Give some tumors that produce erythropoetin
renal cell CA, hepatocellular CA, cerebellar hemangioblastoma
66
How do you differentiate between primary and secondary absolute polycythemia?
Primary has decreased erythropoetin which is increased in secondary
67
Type of polycythemia where there is an increase in marrow production of myeloid progenitors but lymphocytes are not increased
Polycythemia vera
68
Polycythemia vera is d/t a mutation of ______ causing erythropoetin receptors to become ______
JAK2 tyrosine kinase; hypersensitive
69
In the laboratory diagnosis of polycythemia vera, what are the values of: RBC, WBC, Platelets, Hct; What is seen in the PBS?
RBC (6M); WBC (12000 - 50000); Platelets (=/> 500000); Hct (=/> 60%); PBS shows Panmyelosis
70
Incidence of polycythemia vera is higher in?
Males, middle aged to elderly
71
S/S of polycythemia vera
Cyanosis, pruritus, peptic ulcer, plethoric headache, dizzines, hypertension
72
Complications of polycythemia vera
Thrombosis, Bleeding, Hyperuricemia, Myelofibrosis
73
Treatment for polycythemia vera
Regular phlebotomy

Pathology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions