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marine biology > reading > Flashcards

reading Flashcards

1
Q

Helmuth 1998

A

Limpets (patella vulgata) growing on the upper shore have a smaller foot and grow taller - avoid heat loss and desiccation
Lower shore limpets are flatter and wider

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2
Q

Howard et al. 2017

A

Anthropogenic degradation of marine ecosystems is leading to CO2 uptake by photosynthesis to decrease

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3
Q

Laverock et al. 2011

A

Bioturbation releases 80% of nitrogen needed for photosynthesis in estuaries

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4
Q

Sumich 1996

A

Oysters and mussels close their shells at low tide to avoid unfavourable conditions

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5
Q

Deng et al. 2010

A

Antifreeze proteins arose from duplication of sialic acid synthase (SAS-B) gene

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6
Q

Kiko et al. 2010

A

Antifreeze proteins bind to ice crystals in cells to prevent growth

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7
Q

Aronson et al. 2007

A

Warming sea temperature -> King crabs migrating into Antarctica

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8
Q

Rate of living theory

A

Higher metabolism -> shorter life as toxic metabolites accumulate
Gigantism in polar regions due to low metabolic rate?

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9
Q

Baco and Smith 2003

A

Whale fall carcasses = hard substrate on deep sea floor
High biodiversity
8km apart - link benthic communities

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10
Q

Dover et al. 2002

A

400 species described from hydrothermal vents

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11
Q

Pauly et al. 1998

A

Fishing down the food web

Average trophic level of fish catches is decreasing

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12
Q

Vermeij et al. 2010

A

Studied simple cilia on coral larvae + detailed how they detect sound waves in the sea to aid navigation

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13
Q

Simpson et al. 2011

A

Studied antennae on copepods - more complex sound-detecting organs

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14
Q

Kim et al. 2014

A

Increased anthropogenic emissions -> increased [nitrate] in upper oceans
- Most detectable in near-shore environments

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15
Q

Hinder et al. 2012

A

Since 2006 dinoflagellate abundance has decreased and diatom abundance has increased

  • Due to increased sea temperature
  • Largest regional change in the North Sea

Diatoms associated with more turbulent conditions
- Climate change -> more windy conditions -> kinetic energy of sea increases

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16
Q

Boyd et al. 2015

A

Surface nitrate concentrations predicted to decline globally due to climate change increasing stratification
- Most prominent in the subtropical and tropical Pacific

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17
Q

Moore et al. 2013

A

Different nutrients needed for different processes - which should be prioritised when trying to mitigate climate change?

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18
Q

Wong et al. 2011

A

Habitats with hard emergent or biogenic structures have higher secondary production than those lacking substrate
- Oyster reef = highest secondary production/area

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19
Q

Beaugrand et al 2002

A

Changes in zooplankton assemblages = indicator for whole ecosystem changes
- Significant poleward shift for all species

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20
Q

Genner et al. 2010

A

Spring spawning reproductive phenology dependent on November-December temperature

  • Cooler -> earlier winter migration -> earlier maturation -> earlier spawning
  • Warmer -> later winter migration -> later maturation -> later spawning

Summer spawning reproductive phenology dependent on March temperature
- Warmer -> faster development -> earlier spawning

Flounder in estuaries migrate offshore to reproduce
- Warm year -> later migration -> later spawning

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21
Q

Myers et al. 2003

A

Biomass of fish decrease by 80% within first 15 years of industrial fishing
Gulf of Thailand lost 60% of large finfish, sharks and skates in first 5 years of industrial trawling

22
Q

Rooker et al. 2006

A

Determined trophic level of Sargassum-associated species + identified Sargassum is used as a habitat, not a food source
- Food web supported by phytoplankton

Sargassum has high levels of polyphenols to act as a chemical defense against grazers

23
Q

Wilson et al. 2006

A

Whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) feed in Ningaloo Reef March-June

  • Euphasiids and bait fish
  • Protected when in Australian waters

Rhincodon typus targetted in Indonesia - at risk when migrating through Indian Ocean
Migrate to follow food source
1% of time below 300m, deepest dive 1000m
- Eurythermal

24
Q

Metcalfe et al. 2011

A

Water is dynamic, habitats instable -> fish constantly adapting to new conditions
Plaice use tidal movements to migrate up to 25km/day
- Bury in sand when tide is going in opposite direction to desired destination
- Use of tide -> reduced energy cost of swimming

25
Q

Evans et al. 2016

A

Coral triangle in Indo-Pacific = centre of accumulation, origin and survival
Over 2000 coral reef associated fish species here

26
Q

Mumby et al. 2004

A

Mangrove forrests = one of most threatened tropical ecosystems
- Global loss >35%

Largest herbivorous fish (Scarus glacamaia (rainbow parrot fish)) depends on mangroves
- Mangrove removal -> local extinction

Biomass of blue striped grunt (Haemulon sciurus) is 25 times bigger in mangrove-rich areas

27
Q

Connell 1961

A

Detailed competition between mussels on rocky shores
Chthalamus more abundant when balanus removed
Competition = lower determinant for Chthalamus
- Tolerant of a wider range of distribution than it actually lives in due to being outcompeted

28
Q

Tomanek et al. 2002

A

Rocky shores have very clear zonation

Determined by competition and physical factors

29
Q

Paine 1974

A

Mytilus californianus has constant upper limits on rocky shore - determined by physical characteristics
- lower limit is predictable - determined by predation by starfish (pisaster ochraceus)

30
Q

Attrill and Rundle 2002

A 
Ecotone = rapid change 
- Narrow zone of gradient between two homogenous environments
- Sharpest = nature with humans
Ecocline = gradual change
- More stable than ecotones
- Less stressful

Estuaries = two ecoclines

31
Q

Shore et al. 1995

A

Sea grasses rely on water currents for pollination

- At huge risk due to human activities alterring water quality - run-off, sewage disposal, pollution etc.

32
Q

Mermilld-Blondin et al. 2004

A

Bacterial abundance is higher when C. volutator and N. diversicolor are present

  • Release nutrients from the sediment
  • Increase surface area of sediment by creating burrows
33
Q

Arrigo et al. 2008

A

2007 summer Arctic ice minimum 23% lower than previous low
- Largest single year drop on record

Reduced sea ice extent -> wave action increases -> coastal erosion increases

34
Q

Peck 2001

A

Antarctic ectotherms = stenothermal
- Evolved in very constant environment - fluctuations only 3C

Maximum sustainable swimming speed of fish in Antarctic and Tropics is very similar due to compensation in Antarctic fish by having more mitochondria
- No compensation for burst swimming - slower than in Tropics

35
Q

Van Dover et al. 2002

A

Food webs at hydrothermal vents + cold seeps supported by chemoautotrophic production
Vesicomyid clams first diversified at cold seeps
400 species have been described from hydrothermal vents

36
Q

Christensen et al. 2003

A

Biomass of high trophic level fishes has declined by one third 1950-1999
Fishing intensity for high trophic fishes tripled 1900s-1950s + remained unsustainably high since then

37
Q

Jennings and Blanchard 2004

A

North Sea fishes 4-16kg declined in biomass by 97.4%

16-66kg 99.2% lower biomass

38
Q

Pauly 1998

A

Mean trophic level of fishery catches declined 1950-1994

Piscivorous -> planktivorous

39
Q

Worm et al. 2006

A

Species rich systems are more stable and deliver more reliable services

40
Q

Huijbers et al. 2012

A 
French grunt (Haemulon flavolineatum) born on coral reef -> develops to juvenile in open ocean -> migrates to coral rubble settlement -> seagrass -> mangrove -> coral reef
- Receptive to different cues at different life stages
41
Q

Siebeck et al. 2010

A

Ambon damselfish (Pomacentrus amboienenisi) attack conspecifics invading territory more often than heterospecifics

  • Able to recognise conspecifics by their UV pattern
  • Fine scale UV patterns invisible to most predators -> communication without compromising camouflage colour and getting eaten
42
Q

Simpson et al. 2011

A

Crustaceans use acoustic cues to locate coral reefs
High density of shrimps, urchins + fish -> coral reefs very loud!
Long term exposure to novel sounds -> fish become attracted
- Maladaptive
- Long term effects of anthropogenic noise pollution

43
Q

Vermeij et al. 2010

A

First description of Cnidarian auditory response
Coral larvae attracted to reef sounds
Chemical compounds important but do not travel far - used in closer proximity

44
Q

Wale et al. 2013

A

Ship noise disrupts feeding of Carcinus maenas but does not affect time taken to find food
Carcinus maenas slower to find shelter in the presence of a predator

45
Q

Hadfield 2000

A

Eclosion = emergence from metamorphosis structure
During metamorphosis individuals are helpless - at risk of predation, grazing or burial
- Cannot move or feed
-> Strong selective pressure to metamorphose quickly

Quickest known metamorphosis = 20 minutes

46
Q

Marshall and Keough 2003

A

Non-feeding larvae generally less discriminating in settlement substrate than feeding larvae
- Limited by resources -> more desperate to settle

In the absence of settlement cues, larger larvae continue swimming for longer than smaller larvae

47
Q

Marshall and Morgan 2011

A

When externally fertilised up to 95% of eggs may be fertilised

48
Q

Pechenik 1979

A

Most larvae of benthic marine invertebrates are able to prolong settlement
Egg mass jelly of Axiothella mucosa = culture for diatoms -> food source for embryos

49
Q

Dickson et al. 2000

A

Amount of red muscle (g) increased exponentially with fork length in tuna
Red muscle mass increase -> heat production increase

50
Q

Lotterhos 2010

A

Described methods of broadcast spawning in marine systems

51
Q

Levins 1968

A

Principle of allocation

52
Q

Buckling et al. 2009

A

Species that reproduce sexually evolve more quickly

marine biology (3 decks)

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