reading & comprehension

Question 1

t/f all languages have written form

Answer 1

f

Question 2

what is a grapheme

Answer 2

written correspondance of a phoneme

Question 3

japanese has a __ script, meaning written letters represent ___

Answer 3

syllabic, syllables

Question 4

chinese has a ___ script, meaning each __ represents a whole word

Answer 4

logographic, symbol

Question 5

in Consonantal/abjad script, each grapheme is represented by ___ consonant.
the vowels added indicate:

Answer 5

one ,
who is doing the action

Question 6

In Abugida script, consonants are __ notation and vowels are ___ notation

Answer 6

primary, secondary

Question 7

what kind of script is used in Korean

Answer 7

alphabetic! even tho it looks logographic

Question 8

japanese speakers activate more of their ___ cortex, maybe bc their scripts are more complex than english

Answer 8

visual

Question 9

the more “regular” languages are all alphabetic languages. Where does english fall on this scale and why

Answer 9

its 18th.
amung the regular languages english is the least regular
* ex. english “island” is iregular, not great grapheme to phoneme correspondance

Question 10

the lexical reading route helps in naming:
the non-lexical reading route helps in naming:

Answer 10

• words youve already learned that you can just retreive from your lexicon
  ex. “island”
• helps in naming non-words

Question 11

explain how pseudo-homophones relate to how the lexical impacts the non-lexical

Answer 11

Pseudo-homophones are more confusable with words than other types of nonwords. at first we think we should be using the lexical route and thats why its impacting our non-lexical route processing

Question 12

when we read real words we use lexical/non-lexical. as we get older we rely more on the lexical/non-lexical route

Answer 12

both, lexical

Question 13

explain how a word like “have” showcases the relationship between how the non-lexical effects the lexical

Answer 13

“have” is processed slower than other real words because we have the interference from the non-lexical route wanting to sound it out like it really SHOULD be pronounced

Question 14

Non-lexical effects on word naming (to do with word neighbors)

Answer 14

When there’re inconsistent neighbours, word naming got slower.

Question 15

with the experiment conditions: “true associate”, “false/homophone”, “visually similar”, “different” which takes the longest to decide if the words are related or not

Answer 15

false/homophone

Question 16

the ___ contributes to 99% of succesfully capturing print

Answer 16

fovea

Question 17

t/f you have an increased number of fixations when the fovea is masked

Answer 17

t

Question 18

does speed reading work

Answer 18

no

Question 19

how long is each casacde in reading

Answer 19

20ms

Question 20

Surface Dyslexia:

Answer 20

selective impairment in irregular word reading. (like island)

Question 21

Phonological Dyslexia:

Answer 21

selective impairment in pronounceable nonword reading. Word reading is okay.

Question 22

Deep Dyslexia:

Answer 22

resembles phonological dyslexia, plus (importantly) semantic reading errors or semantic paralexias

Question 23

surface dyslexia aligns with the __ route

Answer 23

lexical

Question 24

phonological dyslexia aligns with the __ route

Answer 24

non-lexical

Question 25

in Japanese, kanji relies on the __ route while Kana relies on the __ route

Answer 25

lexical, non-lexical (gpc)

Question 26

* for people where kana is fine but kanji suffers, they're more likely to have____ dyslexia

Answer 26

surafce

Question 27

words are consistant of what 3 components

Answer 27

sound, meaning, print

Question 28

Morphological awareness: Phonological awareness:

Answer 28

The ability to recognize and manipulate morphemes. Example tasks: The ability to recognize and manipulate phonemes.

Question 29

better ___ skills are very strongly associated with better single word reading skills

Answer 29

phonological

Question 30

for reading comprehension morphological/phonological skills are important

Answer 30

both

Question 31

specifically in Chinese kids, ___ awareness predicts better reading skills

Answer 31

morphological

Question 32

Spanish children will rely on ___ skills even when reading english

Answer 32

phonological

Question 33

who shows more phonological awareness: spanish-english bilingual, english monolingual, chinese-english bilingual

Answer 33

spanish-english bilingual

Question 34

___ + ____ = reading comp.

Answer 34

decoding (word recognition), linguistic comprehension

Question 35

informal literacy practises promotes __ skills, while formal literacy practises promotes ___ skills

Answer 35

language reading

Question 36

what is a huge predictor of the summer reading slide

Answer 36

SES/access to resources

Question 37

during covid, reading comprehension decreased in monolinguals/bilinguals

Answer 37

bilinguals

Question 38

what is a protective factor to covid slide, helping to increase Time 2 reading comp

Answer 38

child independent reading

Question 39

at 8m old, white matter thickness is positively associated with __ and __

Answer 39

home reading practises and maternal education

Question 40

t/f people with dyslexia have slightly lower IQ

Answer 40

false

Question 41

In English specifically, dyslexia is more of a __ issue

Answer 41

phonological

Question 42

on top of word reading, children with dyslexia generally performed worse in other___ and ___ tasks, but were okay in ___ and ___ tasks.

Answer 42

language, literacy visual, motor

Question 43

reading requires activation of __ and __ lobes

Answer 43

frontal, parietal

Question 44

do ppl with dyslexia have the same amount of activation of VWFA, parietal and frontal compared to non-dyslexia?

Answer 44

* with dyslexia, they tend to have reduced VWFA and parietal action (posterior). they just use frontal (frontal) non-dyslexia has stronger posterior activation compared to frontal

Question 45

is white matter thickness as a baby predictive of vocab skills

Answer 45

yes

Question 46

what are the 2 top methods of studying statistically

Answer 46

practise testing and distributed practise

Question 47

in the "black box" word ___ is converted to ___

Answer 47

input, output

Question 48

______ identification Can show participants words for very short presentation times

Answer 48

Tachistoscopic

Question 49

____: when/where our eyes travel in jumps short, quick

Answer 49

saccade

Question 50

____: when/where our eyes stay still

Answer 50

fixation

Question 51

t/f the harder the reading material is, the worse people's accuracy is

Answer 51

false

Question 52

t/f when an anaphor is used incorrectly there is longer fixation duration

Answer 52

t

Question 53

* lexial decision task:

Answer 53

I give you something and you tell me if its a word or non-word. for example, if given "Xiraffe" you have to react no, its non-word

Question 54

what would an example of priming be for a word like grass

Answer 54

green, grass

Question 55

SOA: what is it?

Answer 55

Stimulus onset asynchrony time between when you show/hear the stimulus (bike) and when you're allowed to respond

Question 56

tire primes bike because they're____related * coffee primes cat because they're _____ related

Answer 56

semantically , phonologically

Question 57

what are the findings of the PTL task with semantic vs phonological priming

Answer 57

the 24m babies show significance in semantic priming.

Question 58

the primary visual cortex is responsible for __ level processing. Specifically visual representation of letters gets sent to the ____

Answer 58

lower, VWFA (visual word form area)

Question 59

t/f the VWFA works with words and objects

Answer 59

false. doesnt work with objects

Question 60

what is masking? it ensures there's no __ effect

Answer 60

i show you the stimulus word for a certain amount (ex. 500ms) of time when i place something else on the screen so you can't keep processing it/your retina gets refreshed lingering

Question 61

t/f masking interferes with identification

Answer 61

t

Question 62

is there a pos or neg correlation between word frequency and duration threshold

Answer 62

neg

Question 63

Bigram frequency:

Answer 63

measures how often a pair of letters occurs e.g., ‘th’ has a high bigram frequency, but ‘of’ – low

Question 64

familiarity/bigram frq. matters in identifying words vs non-words

Answer 64

familiarity

Question 65

t/f adding syllables to words makes your respond slower

Answer 65

false. only adding letters to the same number of syllables

Question 66

with the prepared vs unprepared word naming study did the number of syllables make a difference?

Answer 66

* prepared- react faster * increasing syllables doesnt change in this condition * with unprepared, if we increase from 1-3 syllables it will get slower (longer words)

Question 67

N-statistic:

Answer 67

the number of words that can be created by changing one letter of a target word

Question 68

* high frq words- neighborhood size does/doesnt matter * low frq- neighborhood size does/doesnt matter

Answer 68

doesnt, does

Question 69

does age of acquisition for words make a difference in reaction time

Answer 69

yes

Question 70

do pseudohomophones make a difference in words and non-words? explain

Answer 70

* words with homophone/non-homophone (control) doesnt differ much * * non-words with pseudohomophones take longer to react to. youre like hold up this sounds like a word is it a word?

Question 71

_____ priming specifically helps word accuracy for low-frq words

Answer 71

repetition

Question 72

* form-based priming:

Answer 72

i give you the word a specific amount of times then mask it to stop the priming effects only words at the surface level

Question 73

within form-based priming, if the word only has 2 or 3 letters in common it will help/inhibit your processing time

Answer 73

inhibit

Question 74

for the task: Lexical decision: are they both words? if two related words are shown will people react faster or slower

Answer 74

faster

Question 75

semantic priming follows ____processing

Answer 75

automatic

Question 76

talk about what the main predictor was in the shift vs no shift trials of Neely, 1977 Two-processes semantic priming model study

Answer 76

SOA!! * longer SOAs are inhibting the shift trials here because you have the time to be like okay i see bird and im expecting another bird name. and then its not

Question 77

Attentional processing: Attention required to maintain activation over longer ___

Answer 77

SOAs.

Question 78

Types of ambiguity Polysemous:

Answer 78

words that can refer to more than one related word sense (e.g., athlete/politician/river runs)

Question 79

Types of ambiguity Homophones:

Answer 79

words that sound the same but have different meanings (e.g., bred, bread)

Question 80

Types of ambiguity Homographs:

Answer 80

words that spelled the same but have different meanings (e.g., bow)

Question 81

Types of ambiguity Homonyms:

Answer 81

words that are spelled and sound the same but have different meanings (e.g., lie)

Question 82

Exclusive access hypothesis:

Answer 82

Using cues from context to immediately select the correct meaning * Only activates correct meaning of the word

Question 83

Exhaustive access hypothesis:

Answer 83

activate all the meanings of the word

Question 84

trials with a short SOA supports the ___ access hypothesis, while trials with longer SOA supports ___ access hypothesis

Answer 84

exhaustive, exclusive