Reading Quiz Review Flashcards
1
Q
Sucrose is made up of one fructose and one glucose bonded by a glycosidic linkage. Sucrose would be considered a:
A
Disaccharide
2
Q
Name a compound with the following characteristics:
A. The most abundant organic compound on earth
B. Provider of extracellular protection for plants
A
Cellulose
3
Q
A fat with sugars attached to it is a:
A
Glycolipid
4
Q
A monosaccharide with five carbons is a:
A
Pentose
5
Q
A single sugar is considered a:
A
Monosaccharide
6
Q
The polysaccharide humans store as a reserve energy source is:
A
Glycogen
7
Q
A protein with sugars attached to it is a:
A
Glycoprotein
8
Q
What is another name for dietary fiber?
A
Cellulose
9
Q
Humans can digest carbohydrates joined by β1-4 linkages.
True of False?
A
False
10
Q
Carbohydrates are generally hydrophilic.
True or False?
A
True
11
Q
Steroids are based on the ringed molecule:
A
Cholesterol
12
Q
Fatty acids are _____. This means that they have a long hydrophobic section and a hydrophilic carboxylic acid.
A
Amphipathic
13
Q
Triacylglycerols are made of one _____ molecule with three fatty acids bound to it.
A
Glycerol
14
Q
Because their carbon chains are bent, ____ fatty acids are generally liquid at room temperature.
A
Unsaturated
15
Q
The type of chemical bond that binds a fatty acid to a glycerol molecule is a(n):
A
Ester bond
16
Q
In which type of energy storage molecule is the most energy stored in humans?
A
Triacylglycerols
17
Q
Fatty acids must always have an odd number of carbons.
True or false?
A
False
18
Q
What are the five things that affect rate of enzymatic function?
A
Enzyme concentration
Substrate concentration
Ionic strength
pH
Temperature
19
Q
What part of the amino acid determines its nature or what kind of amino acid it is?
A
The side chain
20
Q
______ transfers the energy and phosphate group of creatine phosphate to ADP in order to regenerate ATP
A
Creatine Kinase
21
Q
Where in the cell do the creatine kinase, adenylate kinase, and adenylate deaminase reactions occur?
A
Cytosol
22
Q
Which enzyme converts two ADP to one AMP and one ATP?
A
Adenylate kinase
23
Q
Creatine phosphate hydrolysis is more exergonic than ATP hydrolysis.
True of False?
A
True
24
Q
The creatine kinase reaction is anaerobic, but the adenylate cyclase and adenylate deaminase reactions are aerobic.
True of False?
A
False
25
Converting AMP to IMP is done by adenylate kinase to increase its rate of ATP production.
True or False?
False
26
Hydrolysis of phosphagens:
Releases lots of energy
27
All phosphagens have ______ groups.
Phosphoryl groups
28
During anabolism, movement, active transport, and signal amplification, ATP is _______.
Consumed
29
During catabolism and photosynthesis, ATP is_____.
Produced
30
During maximal exercise, without recycling ATP, ATP stores should be expended in:
3 seconds
31
The phosphagen system is capable of powering exercise for:
7 seconds
32
Adaptation to chronic exercise is the slowest type of adaptation, but its affects are the shortest lived.
True or False?
False
33
Enzyme activity may be increased or decreased by both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.
True or False?
True
34
Addition of a phosphate group by covalent modification is called:
Phosphorylation
35
Exercise performed at an intensity greater than 75% of VO2max is considered:
Hard exercise
36
How long does it take for allosteric regulation to occur?
Milliseconds
37
If an effector decreases enzyme activity then it is considered an:
Inhibitor
38
_____ is the maximum volume of oxygen a person can use in one minute?
VO2max
39
_____ modification is a type of regulation in which phosphate groups may be added to an enzyme to alter its activity.
Covalent
40
Exercise performed at an intensity less than 50% VO2max is considered:
Light exercise
41
Enzymes that remove phosphates from targets are called:
Phosphatases
42
____ regulation occurs as an effector interacts (binds) at a place on the enzyme other than the active site.
Allosteric
43
Key enzyme that are often inhibited, thus slowing the activity of an entire metabolic pathway, are called:
Rate-Limiting Enzymes
44
How long does it generally take to alter enzymes activity by adding a phosphate to it?
Seconds
45
Exercise performed at an intensity between 50-74% of VO2max is considered:
Moderate exercise
46
Often, metabolic pathways will be inhibited (catalysis of enzymes decreases) as a product of the pathway interacts with an enzyme of the pathway to slow down its activity. This type of pathway regulation is considered:
Feedback inhibition
47
If an effector increases enzyme activity then it is considered an:
Activator
48
Enzymes that add phosphates to targets are called:
Kinases
49
The process in which Pyruvate is converted to lactate is called:
Fermentation
50
Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?
Cytosol
51
To regulate glycogen metabolism, epinephrine binds to:
β-adrenergic receptors
52
The enzyme that removes branches in glycogenolysis is:
Debranching enzyme
53
_____ is present in the saliva and pancreatic excretions and degrades dietary carbs.
Amylase
54
As a result of insulin stimulation, ____ dephosphorylates and activates glycogen synthesis.
PP1
55
What is the name of the transporter that, as a result of stimulation by exercise, allows glucose from the blood to enter the skeletal muscle?
GLUT4
56
Which enzyme, activated by the epipnephrine signaling cascade, phosphorylates and inhibits glycogen synthesis?
Protein Kinase A
57
What is the most common energy pathway?
Glycolysis
58
Do Pi, AMP, calcium, and epinephrine activate or inhibit glycogenolysis?
Activate
59
Where in the cell do glycogen synthesis and glycogenolysis occur?
Cytosol
60
Which enzyme breaks the vast majority of α1-4 glycosidic bonds in glycogen?
Phosphorylase
61
What is the second messenger produced as a result of epinephrine?
cAMP
62
What is the rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis?
Phosphofructokinase
63
If there is not sufficient oxygen in the muscle or if the exercise intensity is too high and ATP need is too great then what is the name of the process that will occur?
Fermentation
64
The enzyme _____ is produced by the intestinal microvilli and breaks a disaccharide down to glucose and fructose.
Sucrase
65
What enzyme slows glycogenolysis by removing a phosphate from phosphorylase?
PP1
(Protein Phosphatase 1)
66
Which enzyme activates phosphorylase by adding a phosphate to it?
Phosphorylase kinase
67
Does ATP stimulate or inhibit glycolysis?
Inhibit
68
Name the enzyme that creates straight glucose chains in glycogen by forming α1-4 glycosidic bonds.
Glycogen synthase
69
What enzyme phosphorylase phosphenolpyruvate, creating pyruvate?
Pyruvate Kinase
70
Absorbed carbohydrates are transferred from the gut to the liver via the:
Portal vein
71
What is the activated form of glucose used for glycogen synthesis?
UDP-glucose
72
How many net ATP are produced by glycolysis when glucose from glycogen is the initial substrate?
3
73
What kinase is activated by cAMP?
Protein Kinase A
74
Does insulin activate or inhibit glycogenolysis?
Inhibit
75
Which enzyme forms α1-6 glycosidic bonds in glycogen?
Branching enzyme
76
Most fatty acids have an even number of carbons.
True of False?
True
77
By far, the majority of adipocyte mass is:
Triacylglycerols
78
Catecholamine signaling through the β-adrenergic receptor activates PKA which stimulates:
Hormone-Sensitive Lipase (Triacylglycerol Lipase)
79
____ carries free fatty acids in the blood.
Albumin
80
We create unsaturated fats by removing electrons from fatty acids with:
Desaturases
81
____ uses acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA to create fatty acids.
Fatty Acid Synthase
82
Fat droplets are surrounded by a phospholipid _____.
Monolayer
83
Insulin inhibits Lipolysis by reducing the cellular content of _____ by converting it to AMP.
cAMP
84
These enzymes, _____, add carbons to palmitate after their creation by fatty acid synthase.
Elongases
85
Within cells, TAGS are contained within structures called:
Fat droplets
86
____ adds a CoA group to fatty acids (forming Acyl groups) preceding their addition to glycerol-3-phosphate.
Acyl-CoA Synthetase
87
In ____, fatty acids are broken down as two carbon units (acetyl-CoA) are removed in each round of this oxidation process.
β-oxidation
88
Insulin signaling results in activation of _____ which converts cAMP to AMP.
Phosphodiesterase
89
In order to get acetyl-CoA into the cytosol for fatty acid synthesis, mitochondrial citrate is transported to the cytosol and converted to oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA by the enzyme:
Citrate lyase
90
The reducing agent used by fatty acid synthase to reduce new fats is:
NADPH
91
_____ sit on the surface of fat droplets and prevent lipolytic enzymes from accessing TAGs.
Perilipins
92
_____ adds the final Acyl group to the third carbon of diacylglycerol?
Triacylglycerol Synthase Complex
93
As a result of catecholamine signaling in adipocytes, _____ becomes active and stimulates lipolysis by phosphorylation HSL and perilipin.
Protein Kinase A
94
β-oxidation happens in the _____\ (cell location).
Mitochondrial matrix
95
Fatty acid synthesis occurs in the ______ (cellular location).
Cytosol
96
Glycerol-3-phosphate, the activated form of glycerol used in TAG synthesis, is made from ______ by glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate
97
The removal of Acyl groups from TAGs is called:
Lipolysis
98
A NEFA is the same as a:
FFA
Free Fatty Acid
99
Complete oxidation of palmitate (16 carbons) generates ____ ATP.
106
100
_____ adds Acyl groups to the first and second carbons of glycerol-3-phosphate.
Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase
101
Phosphorylation by Protein Kinase A causes _____ to increase the rate that it removes Acyl groups from TAG.
Hormone-Sensitive Lipase
102
____ produces malonyl-CoA by adding another carbon to acetyl-CoA.
Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase
103
In what part of the cell does TAG synthesis happen?
Cytosol
104
Triacylglycerols lipase is also known as:
Hormone-sensitive Lipase
105
Between FFAs and glycerol, which requires a carrier to take it from adipose tissue to the muscle for oxidation?
FFA
106
Having been carried from adipose tissue to the bloodstream, fatty acids are taken into the muscle by transporters such as:
FAT (CD 36)
FABP
107
During prolonged exercise, skeletal muscle can generate _____ percent of its ATP from ketone bodies.
7%
108
Activity of which metabolic pathway would be most reduced if the CAT transport system were inhibited?
β-oxidation
109
In general, the rate of conduction of fatty acids across the cell (plasma) membrane would be considered _____.
Slow
110
Name two ketone bodies.
Acetoacetate
Hydroxybutarate
111
____ removes carbitine from acyl-carnitines and replaces it with CoA?
Carnitine Acyltransferase II
112
β-oxidation occurs in the:
Mitochondrial matrix
113
Acyl-Carnitines move into the mitochondrial matrix through:
Translocase
114
Humans are not capable of forming a double bond beyond carbon number _____ in fatty acids.
10
115
Translocase is located within the:
Inner mitochondrial membrane
116
Ketone bodies are generally formed in the presence of diminished amounts of what metabolite (not macronutrient)?
Oxaloacetate
117
Carnitine Acyltransferase II (CAT II) is located in the:
Mitochondrial matrix
118
_____ fatty acids are those that we cannot produce ourselves and must consume in our diet?
Essential
119
_____ removes the CoA from an Acyl-CoA and replaces it with Carnitine?
Carnitine Acyltransferase I (CAT I)
120
Ketone bodies are formed in the _____ (intercellular location).
Mitochondrial matrix
121
Acyl-CoAs longer than _____ carbons must be transports across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
14 carbons
122
CAT I is located within the ______.
Outer mitochondrial membrane
123
Ketone bodies are formed in which organ?
Liver
124
An elite athlete can generate ATP from fat fast enough to fuel intense exercise exclusively from fat-derived ATP.
True or False?
False
125
Eating a carbohydrate supplement during prolonged physical activity while you exercise will help you smell better.
True or False?
True
126
_____ amino acids may be used to produce ketone bodies.
Ketogenic
127
Name the 7 “metabolic entry points” to which amino acids are converted en route to complete oxidation.
Pyruvate
Acetyl-CoA
Acetoacyl-CoA
Succinyl-CoA
α-ketoglutarate
Fumarate
Oxaloacetate
128
_____ exercise causes net protein synthesis during exercise.
Hard resistance
129
Cellular proteins are marked for degradation by addition of ______ to the protein.
Ubiquitin
130
____ are large, multi-subunit complexes that synthesis proteins based on the nucleotide code of mRNA.
Ribosomes
131
Most nitrogen leaves the body as _____ (molecule or class of molecules).
Urea
132
_______ remove amino groups from amino acids and bind those amino acids to other compounds.
Transaminase (aminotransferase)
133
_____ degrades dietary protein in the gut.
Proteases
134
The end product of most gene expression is a ______.
Protein
135
____ is/are the main source of ammonia during moderate-intensity exercise.
Amino Acids
136
Name a Krebs cycle intermediate that is not one of the “metabolic entry points” that amino acids are converted to.
Succinate
137
Degradation of cellular protein is carried out by:
Proteasomes
138
_______ is/are the main source of ammonia during high-intensity exercise?
AMP
139
_______ simply remove amino groups from amino acids.
Deaminase
140
________amino acids may be used to produce glucose.
Gluconeogenic (glucogenic)
141
Breakdown of proteins is called:
Proteolysis
142
An average of _____ ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of the carbon skeletons of amino acids.
22
143
______ adds ubiquitin to proteins.
Ubiquitin ligase
144
The adenylate kinase reaction produces ammonia during high-intensity exercise.
True or False
False
145
Both resistance and endurance exercise cause an immediate increase in the rate of protein degradation.
True or False
True
146
Once activated, proteases randomly cleave peptide bonds of their target proteins until those proteins are degraded to single amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides.
True or False
False
147
Some amino acids may be used to produce both glucose and ketone bodies.
True or False
True
148
Protein degradation rates are generally increased for about four days after exercise.
True or False
False
149
Protein synthesis and protein breakdown are always happening inside the body.
True or False
True
