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Exercise Metabolism > Test 3 Review > Flashcards

Test 3 Review Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

What is the purpose of fatty acids?

A

Energy production

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2
Q

Where are fatty acids stored? In what?

A

Adipose tissue

Adipocytes

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3
Q

What is the structure of a fatty acid?

A

A large organic acids with a long reduced aliphatic carbon chain and a carboxyl group

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4
Q

What type of fatty acids are solid at room temp?

A

Saturated fatty acids

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5
Q

What type of fatty acids are liquid at room temp?

A

Unsaturated fatty acids, usually

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6
Q

What variations of fatty acids exist?

A

Saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, trans fat

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7
Q

What are two other names for triacylglycerols?

A

Triacylglycerides, triglycerides

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of TAGs?

A
  1. Hydrophobic
  2. Low Thermal Conductivity
  3. Melting point makes them stable
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9
Q

What are TAGs composed of?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

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10
Q

Phospholipids have what unique property which makes them suitable for membranes?

A

Amphipathic

(Hydrophobic and hydrophilic)

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11
Q

Where are phospholipids found?

A

In cell membranes

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12
Q

2 Acyl groups and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol backbone is known as as:

A

Phosphatidate

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13
Q

What is Phosphatidate composed of?

A

2 Acyl groups and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol backbone is known as as:

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14
Q

What is the difference between a phospholipid and phosphatidate?

A

Phosphatidate is the parent compound of glycerophospholipids, the most common kind of phospholipids.

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15
Q

Where are steroids found?

A

In membranes

They are amphipathic

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16
Q

What are steroids derived from?

A

Cholesterol

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17
Q

What do steroids act as?

A

Hormones

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18
Q

What is a cell membrane?

A

An amphipathic bilayer

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19
Q

What is the purpose of a membrane?

A

Separation of aqueous solutions, surrounding cells and organelles

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20
Q

What is found in membranes?

A

Peripheral and integral proteins
Steroids

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21
Q

Where are TAGs stored?

A

In adipose tissue

Specifically adipocytes (82%)

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22
Q

What protein grants access to TAGs?

A

Perilipin

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23
Q

TAG synthesis: Step 1
Enzyme:
Reactant:
Product:

A

Glycerol-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase

Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate

Glycerol-3-Phosphate

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24
Q

TAG synthesis: Step 2
Enzyme:
Reactant:
Product:

A

Acyl-CoA Synthetase

Fatty Acid

Acyl-CoA

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25
TAG synthesis: Step 3 Enzyme: Reactant: Product:
Glycerol-3-Phosphate Acyl Transferase Acyl-Coa + Glycerol-3-Phosphate Lysophosphatidic Acid
26
TAG synthesis: Step 4 Enzyme: Reactant: Product:
Lysophosphatidic Acid Acyltransferase Acyl-CoA + Lysophosphatidic Acid Phosphatidate
27
Exercise speeds Fatty Acid Oxidation mainly by:
Increasing FFA concentration
28
Exercise speeds Fatty Acid Oxidation mainly by increasing FFA concentration. How?
1. Stimulation of Lipolysis in adipose tissue 2. Augmented blood flow to muscle 3. Enhanced FAT/CD36 translocation to plasma membrane 4. Stimulation of Lipolysis in muscle 5. β-oxidation rates are high because products are rapidly consumed
29
Where do Lipolysis occur?
In the cytosol of adipose and muscle tissue
30
What are the products of Lipolysis?
Fatty acids and glycerol
31
In the first step of lipolysis, what is the: Enzyme: Purpose: Reactants: Products:
Triacylglycerol Lipase (HSL) Hydrolyzes ester bonds 1 and 3 Triacylglycerol Monoacylglycerol
32
In the second step of lipolysis, what is the: Enzyme: Purpose: Reactants: Products:
Monoacylglycerol lipase Hydrolyzes the final ester bond Monoacylglycerol Fatty Acids
33
What is the main factor that regulates lipolysis?
Hormones
34
Exercise stimulates _____ from the _____. This binds to ____ which is a _____ receptor. This leads to a _____
Epinephrine and norepinephrine release Adrenal Medulla and sympathetic neurons β-adrenergic receptors G-protein coupled Cascade of intracellular signaling events. Activation of adenylyl cyclase increases cAMP, which activates Protein Kinase A (PKA), which activates HSL.
35
PKA activates which two enzymes related to lipolysis?
Triacylglycerol Lipase (HSL) Perilipin
36
When does the rate of lipolysis peak?
5 minutes
37
How does insulin regulate lipolysis?
Insulin inhibits catecholamine action. This activates phosphodiesterase which deactivates cAMP. Phosphatase is then activated which dephospharylates HSL and Perilipin
38
What is the fate of products made in lipolysis?
Fatty acids undergo β-oxidation in mitochondria Glycerol is used in gluconeogenesis mostly
39
Fatty acids are released from ____ (tissue) into the ____.
Adipose tissue Bloodstream
40
Which part of the broken down TAG needs a carrier?
Fatty acids, because they are hydrophobic
41
Why do fatty acids need to be carried into the bloodstream?
The are huge and hydrophobic
42
What carries fatty acids into the bloodstream?
Albumin
43
How are fatty acids brought into the cell?
FAT (CD/36) and FABP
44
Glycerol typically goes to which organ?
Liver
45
What purpose does glycerol serve in the liver?
Becomes G3P which can be converted into DHAP
46
Where does β-oxidation occur?
In the mitochondrial matrix
47
A fatty acid longer than ____ cannot pass which membrane?
14 Inner mitochondrial membrane
48
What three proteins are needed to help fatty acids enter the matrix? Where are they located?
CAT 1 - Outer Mito. Membrane Translocase - Inner Mito. Membrane CAT 2 - Inner Mito. Membrane (Carnitine Acyl-Transferase)
49
What are the four reactions of β-oxidation?
1. Dehydrogenation (FADH2 made) 2. Hydration 3. Dehydrogenation (NADH made) 4. Splitting
50
What are the products of each round of β-oxidation?
1 FADH2 1 NADH 1 Acetyl-CoA 1 Fa-CoA
51
How many rounds of beta oxidation occur? Formula?
As many as necessary For palmitate with 16 C: 16/2 - 1 = 7 rounds
52
How is it that Fatty Acids produce more ATP than glucose?
Many more carbons. The products (FADH2, NADH, Acetyl-CoA) enter electron transport chain to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
53
Where are fatty acids synthesized?
In the Cytosol
54
What is the starting compound for fatty acid synthesis?
Acetyl-CoA
55
What is the multi enzyme complex?
Fatty Acid Synthase
56
What is the reducing agent involved with the multi enzyme complex?
NADPH
57
What is the first compound to bind to the multi enzyme complex?
Acetyl-CoA
58
What is the second compound to bind to the multi enzyme complex?
Malonyl-CoA
59
What compound is lost during fatty acid synthesis?
CO2
60
How many carbons are added at a time during fatty acid synthesis?
2 carbons at a time
61
What are two other enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis?
Elongases - Add carbons after palmitate is formed Desaturases - Remove saturated fatty acid electrons
62
When palmitate is oxidized what are the products? How many of each?
Acetyl-CoA (8) FADH2 (7) NADH (7)
63
What are the inputs in fatty acid synthesis?
Acetyl-CoA and Malonyl-CoA
64
What are essential fatty acids?
Fatty acids that humans cannot synthesize on our own. We must consume them
65
What is Omega-3 and Omega-6?
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Double bond on 3rd carbon and 6th carbon
66
Where are ketone bodies formed?
Liver
67
What are the names of the ketone bodies we know?
Acetoacetate Hydroxybuterate
68
What compound initially determines ketone body formation?
Oxaloacetate
69
When this compound accumulates, ketone bodies are formed:
Acetyl-CoA
70
Where does ketone body oxidation occur?
Extra-hepatic tissues
71
How much ATP is formed from ketone bodies during exercise?
7%
72
What are three factors that determine Fatty Acid presence in the blood?
1. Lipolysis in adipose tissue 2. Blood flow 3. Fatty acid uptake in muscle
73
How does acetyl-CoA affect the FA gradient between the blood and cell?
Acetyl-CoA controls the gradient by regulating FA synthesis, uptake, oxidation, and storage.
74
What are the FFA concentrations in the blood during: Light intensity: Moderate intensity: High intensity:
Low Moderate Low
75
TAG synthesis: Step 5 Enzyme: Reactant: Product:
Phosphatidate Acid Phosphatase Phosphatidate Diacylglycerol
76
TAG synthesis: Step 6 Enzyme: Reactant: Product:
Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase Acyl-CoA + Diacylglycerol Triacylglycerol
77
What compound decrease fatty acid oxidation? Why?
Malonyl-CoA It inhibits CAT1
78
Step 1 of Fatty Acid Synthesis: Enzyme: Reactants: Products:
Citrate Lyase Citrate Acetyl-CoA
79
Step 2 of Fatty Acid Synthesis: Enzyme: Reactants: Products:
Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Acetyl-CoA Malonyl-CoA
80
After Malonyl-CoA is produced, what two jobs will it perform? What enzyme is needed?
Inhibit CAT 1 Donates two-carbon units to the growing fatty acid (needs Fatty Acid Synthase)

Exercise Metabolism (12 decks)

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