READINGS

Question 1

24hr Diet Recall Pros and Cons

Answer 1

when an interviewer askes what they have eaten in past 24hrs

Pros
- Provides reasonably accurate data about the preceding day’s intake
- Does not alter usual intake
- Relatively quick (∼15-30 min) and easy to administer
- Relatively inexpensive
- More objective than diet history

Cons
- A single 24-hr recall does not reflect usual intake
- Relies on athlete’s memory/ability to recal
- Tendency for underreporting of energy
- snacks, sauces etc are often left our

Question 2

Multiple-pass 24-hr recall Pros and Cons

Answer 2

when an interviewer askes what they have eaten in past 24hrs but starts of broad and then gets more specific

Pros
- Systematic procedure focuses on helping athletes remember all foods consumed, including dressings, sauces and beverages
- Limits underreporting

Cons
- More time-consuming (30-45 min) than the above
- Adequate training of interviewer needed

Question 3

Multiple 24-hr recalls Pros and Cons

Answer 3

multiple 24hour recalls

Pros
- may provide a reasonable estimate of usual nutrient intake

Cons
- Unlikely to measure intake of infrequently-consumed foods

Question 4

Food frequency questionnaire Pros and Cons

Answer 4

are a process asks athletes to identify how often they eat a specific list of individual foods/beverages (or food categories) with frequency typically recorded in times per day, week, month, or year

Pros
- May be more representative of usual intake than a few days of collected data
- Cost-effective for analysis of large groups of athletes
- Can be self-administered via paper or electronically; electronic questionnaires save time and resources

Cons
- Relies on memory/ability to recall
- May not represent usual foods or portion sizes consumed by athletes
- Intake data compromised when multiple foods are grouped within single listings
- not eating patterns collected

Question 5

Diet History Pros and Cons

Answer 5

Trained interviewer asks athlete details of typical diet

Pros
- gaining insight into usual intake and pattern of meals, snacks, intake around training sessions/events, and dietary supplement use

Cons
- Interview is lengthy (up to an hour); highly-trained interviewer required
- overs-estimate what they eat
- need ability to recall

Question 6

Food Records Pros and Cons

Answer 6

Athlete records all food and beverages consumed for the desired period with details

Pros
- Not dependent on memory
- Can provide detailed intake data and quantitative information about eating habits, particularly with weighed records
- Intake of multiple days more representative of usual intake

Cons
- High subject burden
- Results depend on athlete’s cooperation, attention to detail, and ability/desire to record foods at the time of consumption
- say what might be perceived better eating patterns
- not convenient
- under recording

Question 8

What is the primary method used in laboratories for body composition analysis?

Answer 8

Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)

Question 9

True or False: Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) is a non-invasive method.

Answer 9

True

Question 10

Fill in the blank: The __________ method uses underwater weighing to determine body density.

Answer 10

hydrostatic weighing

Question 11

What is a major advantage of using DEXA for body composition analysis?

Answer 11

It provides precise measurements of bone mineral density and body fat distribution.

Question 12

Which method is commonly used in field settings for quick body composition assessment?

Answer 12

Skinfold thickness measurements

Question 13

List one disadvantage of using hydrostatic weighing.

Answer 13

It requires specialized equipment and can be uncomfortable for the subject.

Question 14

Multiple Choice: Which of the following methods is least invasive? A) DEXA B) Hydrostatic Weighing C) BIA D) MRI

Answer 14

C) BIA

Question 15

True or False: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a cost-effective method for body composition analysis.

Answer 15

False

Question 16

What does the skinfold thickness method estimate?

Answer 16

Subcutaneous fat and overall body fat percentage.

Question 17

Which body composition analysis method is known for its high accuracy but also high cost?

Answer 17

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Question 18

What is the ABCDE of Nutritional Assessments

Answer 18

A—anthropometry, B—biochemistry, C—clinical, D—dietary intakes, E—environment and evaluation.

Question 19

Education Stages for Nutrition

Answer 19

The Stages of Change model includes: precontemplation (raise awareness), contemplation (encourage reflection), preparation (set goals), action (support new behaviors), maintenance (prevent relapse), and relapse (normalize setbacks). Education strategies should match each stage, offering guidance, motivation, and resources to help individuals progress toward lasting behavior change and improved health outcomes.

Question 20

What Food are high in fat and cholesterol

Answer 20

meat, milk, eggs, poultry

Question 21

What foods are low in fat and cholesterol

Answer 21

fish, nuts oils

Question 22

difference between animal and vegetable oils

Answer 22

Animal oils are typically high in saturated fat and cholesterol and are solid at room temperature, while plant oils are higher in unsaturated fats, contain no cholesterol, and are usually liquid at room temperature.

Question 23

Food high in Fat and Cholesterol

Answer 23

dairy and poultry

Question 24

Foods Low in Fat and Cholesterol

Answer 24

veges

Question 25

Reading Dehydration Def

Answer 25

refers to the process of losing body water but is often used incorrectly to describe hypohydration - exercise increases plasma/serum osmolality, highlighting hydration’s role in maintaining fluid balance during exertion.