Real Exam 3 Flashcards
(176 cards)
1
Q
What is change blindness
A
The failure to notice differences between two images of a scene. These differences can be fairly large and important, yet we often fail to perceive them
2
Q
What would an example of change blindness be?
A
Look at 2 almost identical pictures but failing to notice the slight differences in them. Spot the difference photos
3
Q
What is the “gist” of a scene?
A
it is the core meaning of the overall scene
4
Q
Why do we only get the ‘gist’ of a scene when first noticing it?
A
We extract a scene quickly from perceptual elements, we get a ‘gist’ of the scene and ignore the details
5
Q
What does change perception depend on?
A
depends on the meaning of a change. if the scenes meaning stays the same we wont notice the change.
6
Q
What is an example of change perception?
A
looking at a spot the difference photo. If we see a market place the market place will always be a market place to us regardless of minor changes like pants color etc.
7
Q
What is attention to action?
A
paying specific attention to a specific action and ignoring the details going on around it.
8
Q
What is Saccadic eye movement?
A
Overt attention shifts where we pay attention to relevant locations to a scene
9
Q
How many Saccades to we make per second?
A
3-4 per second
10
Q
Is the 3-4 saccades per second fast enough to account for scene recognition abilities?
A
No it is to slow to account for scene recognition.
11
Q
Can we observe more items in a scene than 3-4 per second
A
Yes we can…Don’t question it bitch.
12
Q
What is a covert attention shift?
A
An attention shift without eye movement
13
Q
Visual search task results indicate we can process how many objects per second with covert attention shifts?
A
20-30
14
Q
What is a scene mosaic?
A
Attention shifts around a scene faster than eye movements building a collage of objects at locations that make up the scene
15
Q
What are issues with the scene mosaic idea?
A
requires a larger working memory load than we have. How do we remember the collage pieces fit together. LARGER THAN 7+2 WORKING MEMORY CAPACITY.
Experimental results indicate that we can identify a scene in less than an eight of a second (125ms). Too fast for putting together a bunch of collage pieces
16
Q
How fast can we identify a scene?
A
less than an eight of a second (125 ms)
17
Q
What is the spatial layout idea?
A
Perhaps a scene is defined less as a collection of objects at locations and more by its spatial layout.
18
Q
What would be an example of identifying a scene via spatial layout
A
enclosed space could mean a room or car, wide open spaces could be a field or ocean.
19
Q
What is a schema
A
a rough outline of a scene or situation with placeholders for details. like a farm or classroom
20
Q
Are specific objects in the schema filled in later or are they recognized later?
A
Specific objects are recognized later. For example we can tell we are at a farm but won’t fill in that there are cows and chickens (We can also say things are there that weren’t. Just because its a farm we can say there are chickens there even if there weren’t just because chickens fall into our schema of a farm.)
21
Q
Are we good at recognizing scenes?
A
Like super good at it brah. We rapidly extract the ‘gist’ of a scene
22
Q
Are we good at noticing the details of a scene?
A
No we are really bad at noticing the details in a scene. We have placeholders for things that ought to be there but notice them unless needed.
23
Q
Recall the primary visual cortex is ____ and ____
A
Retinotopic (locations close in space are close to the brain)
Contralateral (right visual field processed in left hemispher, LVG [lateral geniculate visual field] in right hemisphere)
24
Q
Attention could work by increasing sensitivity in a part of the ___ that receives input from the attended location.
A
V1
25
What are the two ways to measure brain activity?
Metabolic
| Electrical
26
What test is used to measure metabolic brain activity?
fMRI
27
What test is used to measure electrical brain activity?
ERP
28
What is Posner paradigm?
a neuropsychological test often used to assess attention. Formulated by Michael Posner,[1] the task assesses an individual’s ability to perform an attentional shift. It has been used and modified to assess disorders, focal brain injury, and the effects of both on spatial attention.
29
Are some kinds of objects represented in specific parts of the brain?
Yes for example, faces appear to be represented in a special part of the inferior temporal cortex
30
T/F if we are attending to a specific kind of object then that part of the brain will be more active.
True
31
How can we be sure that our brain activity is based on attention and not perception?
If we take an image with a face faded on top of a house and tell particpants to focus on either the face or the house you will get the same results in brain activity location.
32
What could the individual neurons be doing to create these attention responses?
Response enhancement
Sharper tuning
Altered tuning
All of these mechanisms have been seen
33
Damage to the ___ ____ ___ causes an inability to attend to contralesional space
Posterior parietal lobe
34
What is neglect?
The inability to address or recall places or things due to damage of the posterior parietal lobe
35
What is an example of neglect?
copy the figure or describe your surroundings a person with damage to the posterior parietal lobe will not be able to focus on the right portion of what they are focusing on.
36
What is not worthy of the Neglect of the Piazza del Duomo of Milan?
Neglect patients were asked to imagine the Piazza and report what they saw. They failed to report contralesional buildings but when asked to visualize where they were from a different spot in the Piazza buildings they could not report previously were reported and buildings but failed in reporting buildings from the last time.
37
What is the waterfall illusion?
Stare at a waterfall for a while then stare at the still rocks beside it and they will appear to crawl upward
38
What is the after image of a downward motion?
the after image begins to move up.
39
What are 4 things the visual system is good at finding?
edges
textures
colors
groups
40
Sometimes ___ is the best object cue
motion
41
What is the motion detector model?
Two receptors with adjacent receptive fields (A & B) stimulus enters receptive field of A and then later B (First A fires and then B). Then Motion detector M gets input from A and B. Once A and B have fired then M fires.
42
What a problems with this motion detector model?
It can't distinguish between a small bug moving between receptive fields and a large bug in both receptive fields at once. Both will activate A and B which will then activate M
43
What is the solution to this motion detector model?
Add a 'delay' neuron
44
What does the delay neuron do to fix the motion detector model?
When the bug goes through receptive field A it activates the delay neuron D. this holds the activation of receptive field B. Later B will be activated and when D and B are activated simultaneously motion detection is activated. When this is all strung together we create a motion detection circuit.
45
Do motion detection circuits actually exist in the brain?
Neural connections exist like the proposed motion detection circuit
46
What are the neural connections called that make up the proposed motion detection circuit?
Interneurons
47
Does motion aftereffects demonstrate that there are direction and velocity sensitive neurons?
Yes those are the ones that get fatigued
48
What is motion perception ambiguity?
Can't always tell direction of movement
Can perceive movement when there's neither real nor apparent movement
Can't always tell whats moving
49
What are two types of motion?
Real motion - an object moving through space
Apparent motion - not 'real' motion but gives perception of motion (waterfall illusion)
50
What does motion perception depend on?
Proximity (to far no apparent motion)
Speed (to fast no apparent motion)
Too slow (to slow to notice apparent motion)
51
What is Phi Motion?
Perception of motion without intermediate positions (looks like a single dot jumping back and forth) Happens at fast switch rates (ISIs)
52
What is Beta Motion?
Perception of motion with intermediate positions (looks like single dots)
Happens at slower ISIs. Perceptual system 'fills in' missing in-between stimuli. One dot moving smoothly between locations
53
What are some examples of apparent motion in daily life
Motion pictures
cartoons
computer animations
54
How doe motion pictures work? How many pictures are shown per second?
Succession of sequential still photographs shown rapidly. 24 frames per second gives a sensation of smooth motion
55
How many frames per second to cartoons usually run at?
Usually run at 12 frames per second
56
What is the correspondence problem?
The motion perception system has to figure out which element at a time T corresponds to which element at a time T+1
If there is no mask the dots correspond diagonally which triggers the diagonal motion detectors more active.
If there is a mask dots correspond vertically which makes the vertical motion detectors more active
57
What happens when there is input from multiple apertures? What motion direction do dots appear to move?
Dots appear to move diagonally
58
Someone with lesions near V5 have what?
Akinetopsia
59
What is Akinetopsia?
Inability to perceive motion
60
Where are the motion sensitive areas in the brain located?
Medial temporal lobe - area MT AKA V5
61
Environmental sounds are usually complex or simple tones?
Complex
62
All complex waves can be represented as a combination of simple sine waves T/F
True
63
In terms of sine waves, what does approximate and exact mine
Approximate is finite
| Exact is infinite
64
What is Fourier decompisition
The breaking down of complex waveforms into their component sine waves
65
What is the power spectrum of a sound?
The plot frequency of its amplitude (how slow or fast the wave is and how loud or powerful it is)
66
What measurement scale is used to measure waveform?
MS (milliseconds)
67
What measurement scale is used to measure the spectrum?
Hz (hertz)
68
What are the three parts of the ear?
Outer ear
Middle ear
Inner ear
69
What does the Pinna do? What is it?
It is the visible ear that funnels sound into the auditory canal.
70
What is the auditory canal? What does it do?
It is the hole in your ear that sound is funneled into. It amplifies auditory frequency ranges and protects the inner parts of the ear from exposure.
71
What is the tympanic membrane? What does it do?
It is your eardrum it is the boundary between the outer and middle ear.
72
What is the distal stimulus?
The sound source
73
What is the proximal stimulus?
The vibrating eardrum
74
T/F sound waves in the air cause vibration of the tympanic membrane?
True
75
Are there bones and muscles in the middle ear?
Yes
76
What do the bones in the middle ear do?
Translate sound energy from air medium (outer ear) to fluid medium (inner ear).
77
If there were a direct air to fluid transfer in the middle ear would that cause a large or small amplitude loss?
A large amplitude loss. A solid in between makes a more efficient transfer.
78
What do the muscles in the middle ear do?
They tense up in the presence of loud sounds and protects the inner ear.
79
In the inner ear, when the eardrum vibrates from air it gets translated into what kind of vibration?
Fluid
80
What portion of the ear is the cochlea a part of?
The inner ear
81
What does the cochlea do? What is its shape?
It is a rolled up snail like structure with 3 channels inside filled with fluid that vibrate in the presence of sound.
82
The semicircular canals are for what kind of sense?
Vestibular not audition.
83
What are the three canals of the cochlea?
Vestibular
Middle
Tympanic
84
In terms of sine waves, what does approximate and exact mine
Approximate is finite
| Exact is infinite
85
What is the power spectrum of a sound?
The plot frequency of its amplitude (how slow or fast the wave is and how loud or powerful it is)
86
What is the auditory canal? What does it do?
It is the hole in your ear that sound is funneled into. It amplifies auditory frequency ranges and protects the inner parts of the ear from exposure.
87
What is the distal stimulus?
The sound source
88
T/F sound waves in the air cause vibration of the tympanic membrane?
True
89
What do the bones in the middle ear do?
Translate sound energy from air medium (outer ear) to fluid medium (inner ear).
90
What do the muscles in the middle ear do?
They tense up in the presence of loud sounds and protects the inner ear.
91
What portion of the ear is the cochlea a part of?
The inner ear
92
The semicircular canals are for what kind of sense?
Vestibular not audition.
93
If there were a direct air to fluid transfer in the middle ear would that cause a large or small amplitude loss?
A large amplitude loss. A solid in between makes a more efficient transfer.
94
What happens when there is input from multiple apertures? What motion direction do dots appear to move?
Dots appear to move diagonally
94
Someone with lesions near V5 have what?
Akinetopsia
94
What is Akinetopsia?
Inability to perceive motion
94
Environmental sounds are usually complex or simple tones?
Complex
94
All complex waves can be represented as a combination of simple sine waves T/F
True
94
In terms of sine waves, what does approximate and exact mine
Approximate is finite
| Exact is infinite
94
What is Fourier decompisition
The breaking down of complex waveforms into their component sine waves
94
What is the power spectrum of a sound?
The plot frequency of its amplitude (how slow or fast the wave is and how loud or powerful it is)
94
What measurement scale is used to measure waveform?
MS (milliseconds)
94
What measurement scale is used to measure the spectrum?
Hz (hertz)
94
What are the three parts of the ear?
Outer ear
Middle ear
Inner ear
94
What does the Pinna do? What is it?
It is the visible ear that funnels sound into the auditory canal.
94
What is the auditory canal? What does it do?
It is the hole in your ear that sound is funneled into. It amplifies auditory frequency ranges and protects the inner parts of the ear from exposure.
94
What is the tympanic membrane? What does it do?
It is your eardrum it is the boundary between the outer and middle ear.
94
What is the distal stimulus?
The sound source
94
What is the proximal stimulus?
The vibrating eardrum
94
T/F sound waves in the air cause vibration of the tympanic membrane?
True
94
Are there bones and muscles in the middle ear?
Yes
94
What do the bones in the middle ear do?
Translate sound energy from air medium (outer ear) to fluid medium (inner ear).
94
If there were a direct air to fluid transfer in the middle ear would that cause a large or small amplitude loss?
A large amplitude loss. A solid in between makes a more efficient transfer.
94
What do the muscles in the middle ear do?
They tense up in the presence of loud sounds and protects the inner ear.
94
In the inner ear, when the eardrum vibrates from air it gets translated into what kind of vibration?
Fluid
94
What portion of the ear is the cochlea a part of?
The inner ear
94
What does the cochlea do? What is its shape?
It is a rolled up snail like structure with 3 channels inside filled with fluid that vibrate in the presence of sound.
94
The semicircular canals are for what kind of sense?
Vestibular not audition.
94
What are the three canals of the cochlea?
Vestibular
Middle
Tympanic
94
What happens when there is input from multiple apertures? What motion direction do dots appear to move?
Dots appear to move diagonally
94
Environmental sounds are usually complex or simple tones?
Complex
94
All complex waves can be represented as a combination of simple sine waves T/F
True
94
What is Fourier decompisition
The breaking down of complex waveforms into their component sine waves
94
What does the Pinna do? What is it?
It is the visible ear that funnels sound into the auditory canal.
94
What is the tympanic membrane? What does it do?
It is your eardrum it is the boundary between the outer and middle ear.
94
What is the proximal stimulus?
The vibrating eardrum
94
Are there bones and muscles in the middle ear?
Yes
94
If there were a direct air to fluid transfer in the middle ear would that cause a large or small amplitude loss?
A large amplitude loss. A solid in between makes a more efficient transfer.
94
In the inner ear, when the eardrum vibrates from air it gets translated into what kind of vibration?
Fluid
94
What does the cochlea do? What is its shape?
It is a rolled up snail like structure with 3 channels inside filled with fluid that vibrate in the presence of sound.
94
What are the three canals of the cochlea?
Vestibular
Middle
Tympanic
94
What happens when there is input from multiple apertures? What motion direction do dots appear to move?
Dots appear to move diagonally
94
What do the bones in the middle ear do?
Translate sound energy from air medium (outer ear) to fluid medium (inner ear).
107
Where does the tympanic canal connect to the vestibular canal?
At the helicotrema
108
Where is the Reissner's membrane?
Between the vestibular and middle canal
109
Where is the Basilar membrane?
Between the tympanic and middle (at the bottom)
110
Where is the Organ of Corti?
Sits on top of the basilar membrane consist of specialized neurons
111
What are the hair cells in the Organ of corti called?
Stereocillia. The axons of the hair cells comprise the auditory nerve
112
How does traveling waves in the basilar membrane work?
air pressure changes are translated via bone and fluid into traveling waves into the basilar membrane
- air vibrates ear drum
- ear drum vibrates middle ear bones
- middle ear bones create waves of vibration in the inner ear fluid
- inner ear fluid vibrates basilar membrane, creating wave
113
When the hair cells (stereocillia) are at rest what kind of firing occurs?
medium firing
114
When the hair cells (stereocillia) are sheared over in one direction what kind of firing occurs?
increased firing
115
When the hair cells (stereocillia) are sheared in other direction what kind of firing occurs?
reduced firing
116
What are the links of the stereocilia called that attack to the other cilia from the tip of the cilia?
Tip links
117
What are the tip links on the cilia attached to?
The ion channels in the stereocilia
118
What happens to traveling waves in a tapered surface?
It will not vibrate uniformly. Different parts of the surface will vibrate with greater amplitude than others, depending upon the frequency of the vibration
119
What are the dimensions of the basilar membrane?
3 cm long curled up like a snail in the cochlea. 0.08 mm at the base 0.5mm at the apex. 100x stiffer at the base.
120
At what point in the basilar membrane do lower frequencies displace the membrane?
The apex where it's wide and floppy
121
When different sounds deflect at different locations on the membrane it is known as?
Location coding
122
What is the auditory pathway
```
From the ear to the brain
auditory nerve
brain-stem nuclei and what they do
medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
primary auditory cortex
```
123
Do different parts of the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies of sound?
Yes each auditory nerve fiber fires to a specific sound frequency
124
Is auditory nerve response adaptive?
You bet ur sweet ass it is.
125
Do sounds come alone?
Nope
126
Do sounds usually come at threshold
nope
127
What is a simple theory of auditory perception?
• Activity on a tuned nerve fiber means that frequency of sound
is present
• Issues
– Sounds don’t come as single frequencies
– Sounds don’t come near threshold
128
What is two tone suppression?
– The tuning curve changes in the presence of a second tone
• Present tone at nerve’s characteristic frequency
• Add a second tone near characteristic frequency
– Response of nerve changes
• Response diminishes to tones surrounding the
characteristic frequency
– Auditory nerve response is adaptive
• Presence of second tone changes the tuning curve
129
Do auditory nerves have different background firing rates?
```
Yes
– Low firing (red)
• Low background firing
• Slow to respond
• Not sensitive but retains acuity
– Kind of like cones
– High firing (blue)
• High background firing
• Sensitive, but quickly loses acuity
– Kind of like rods
• Low firing won’t get brief, low intensity sounds but are less
prone to saturation
– Pattern of activity across both types codes frequency
```
130
Can we perceive frequencies higher than the fastest rate neurons fire?
yes.
– So something other than just rate coding must be used
• Sound waves have phase
– Same frequency
– Same amplitude
– ‘up’ and ‘down’ parts of wave are offset in time
• Some neurons respond to specific parts of the waveform
– Phase-locked
131
Can different neurons respond to different waveforms?
Yes its called differential phase locking
132
Can an individual neuron alone code actual frequency?
No not alone but a pattern firing across of neurons can code any frequency
133
What causes frequency response sharpening
Lateral inhibition
134
Transmission fibers from the cochlear and olives travel via the ____ ____
Lateral leminiscus
135
Where is the primary auditory cortex?
A1 in the posterior portion of the superior temporal lobe it responds to simple tones
136
What is the problem of spatial location in the auditory system?
The visual system has retinotopy to provide location information. In the auditory system there are only two points, your ears to provide location information.
137
What is the degrees of azimuth?
How far something is from midline is measured in degrees of azimuth
138
What is involuntary eye movement
Small eye jerks to avoid retinal stabilization
139
What are the three membranes in the cochlea
Reissners's
Basilar
Tectorial
139
Where is the tectorial membrane??
Between the tympanic and middle (at the top)
139
In the Organ of Corti how are the specialized neurons arranged?
Hair cells arranged in 4 rows that run the length of the basilar membrane. Three rows of outer hair cells and one row of inner hair cells
139
What is a real life example of a traveling wave?
Taking a cord and shaking it so it creates a wave motion. This wave represents an auditory traveling wave
139
How does auditory transduction work?
As their hair cells shear, ion channels open and close in the hair cells.
Ion flow changes in hair cells cause de- and hyper- polarization of the hair cells
Changes firing rate in auditory nerve
139
What kind of surface is the basilar membrane?
Tapered
139
At what point in the basilar membrane do higher frequencies make larger displacement?
At the base where it's narrow and stiff.
139
What is the difference between the auditory and visual pathway
More brainstem in the auditory pathway. auditory is more primitive due to evolutionary order. There are no spatial locations from receptors where as the retina is mapped spatially. The basilar membrane is not spatially mapped the location must be computed.
139
What are some effects of the ears being on different sides of the head?
• There can be a difference in the distance between the sound
source and the two ears
– Leads to differences in arrival times of sound
• The head can act as a sound baffle, muting the sound to one
ear
– Leads to different sound amplitude
139
What are some aspects of timing in terms of location information and amplitude?
```
– Timing
• Differential onset times at two ears
• Differential phase at two ears
– Amplitude
• Different amplitude (loudness) at two ears
```
139
Where is zero at in the midline?
Nose to back of head
