Reasoning Flashcards

1
Q

Affirmation of the consequent

A

A logical fallacy: it asserts that if a conditional statement is true and if the consequent is true, then the antecedent must also be true (i.e., given that if A, then B is true and that B is true, it is a fallacy to conclude that A must be true)

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2
Q

Antecedent

A

The condition of a conditional statement; that is, the A in If A, then B.

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3
Q

Atmosphere hypothesis

A

The proposal that the logical quantifiers used in the premises of a categorical syllogism create an ‘atmosphere’ that predisposes participants to accept conclusions having the same quantifiers.

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4
Q

Attribute identification

A

Determining which attributes are relevant to the formation of a hypothesis.

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5
Q

Categorical syllogism

A

A syllogism in which logical quantifiers relate categories A to B in one premise, relate B to C in the other premise, and relate A to C in the conclusion.

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6
Q

Conditional statement

A

An assertion that, if an antecedent is true, then a consequent must be true: a statement of the form if A, then B.

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7
Q

Confirmation bias

A

When trying to determine whether a hypothesis is correct, the tendency to look only at evidence that is consistent with the hypothesis.

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8
Q

Consequent

A

The result of a conditional statement; the B in if A, then B.

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9
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

Reasoning in which the conclusions follow with certainty from the premises.

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10
Q

Denial of the antecedent

A

A logical fallacy: it asserts that, if a conditional statement is true and if the antecedent is false, then the consequent must also be false (i.e., given that if A, then B is true and that A is false, it is a fallacy to conclude that B must be false).

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11
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Reasoning in which the conclusions follow only probabilistically from the premises.

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12
Q

Logical quantifiers

A

Elements such as ‘all, no, some’, and ‘some…not’ that appear in statements like All A are B and Some C are not D.

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13
Q

Mental model theory

A

The theory that participants judge the validity of a syllogism by imagining a world that satisfies the premises and seeing whether the conclusion is satisfied in that world.

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14
Q

Modus ponens

A

A rule of logic: if a conditional statement is true and if its antecedent is true, then its consequent must be true (i.e., if the conditional statement if A, then B is true, and if the antecedent A is true, we can infer that the consequent B is true).

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15
Q

Modus tollens

A

A rule of logic: if a conditional statement is true and if its consequent is false, then its antecedent must be false (i.e., if the conditional statement if A, then B is true, and if the consequent B is false, we can infer that the antecedent A is false).

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16
Q

Particular statements

A

Statements - often involving the logical quantifiers ‘some’ and ‘some…not’ - that logicians interpret as being true about at least some members of a category.

17
Q

Permission schema

A

An interpretation of a conditional statement in which the antecedent specifies the situations in which the consequent is permitted.

18
Q

Rule learning

A

Determining what kind of rule (conjunctive, disjunctive, or relational) connects the features when forming a hypothesis.

19
Q

Syllogisms

A

Logical arguments consisting of two premises and a conclusion.

20
Q

Type 1 processes

A

Rapid and automatic processes, relying on associations between situations and actions.

21
Q

Type 2 processes

A

Slow and deliberative processes that may follow normative prescriptions.

22
Q

Universal statements

A

Statements - often involving logical quantifiers such as ‘all and none’ - that logicians interpret as blanket claims with no exceptions.

23
Q

Wason selection task

A

A task in which participants must decide which of four cards need to be turned over to check the validity of a conditional statement; the cards represent the four possibilities of antecedent and consequent of the conditional being true or false.