Recombination and Repair Flashcards by Udayan Ginjupalli

Q

What is recombination?

A

Exchange of genetic information

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Q

Types of recombination?

A

Homologous and non-homologous

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Q

Homologous recombination another name?

A

General recombination

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Q

Homologous recombination between what?

A

Between identical or nearly identical sequences

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Q

Best example?

A

Between maternal and paternal homologs

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Q

Non-homologous also called?

A

Illegitimate recombination

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Q

Illegitemate recombination requires homologous sequences?

A

No

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Q

Transposition is an example of?

A

Non-homologous

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Q

Transposons first described by?

A

Barbara McClintock

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Q

Transposons movement?

A

To different chromosomal sites

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Q

Types of transposition?

A

Retrotransposition and DNA transposition

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Q

Retrotransposition intermediate?

A

RNA

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Q

Enzyme in retrotransposition?

A

Reverse transcriptase

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Q

Outcome of retrotransposition?

A

2 copies of transposon

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Q

DNA transposition mechanisms?

A

Conservative or replicative

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Q

Transposon coded enzyme?

A

Transposase

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Q

Transposition in eukaryotes?

A

Mostly retro

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Q

Transposition in prokaryotes?

A

Mostly DNA

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Q

Transposons significance?

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A

Large fraction of human genome

Q

Short interspersed elements (SINE)?

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A

Alu, 500,000 copies

Q

Long interspersed elements (LINE)?

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A

L1, 50,000 copies

Q

Transposons and disease?

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A

Insertion mutations

Q

Accuracy of replication?

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A

1 error in 10^9 base pairs

Q

Repair mechanisms?

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A

To reduce mutations

Number of human divisions?

10^16

Mutation sources?

Replication, physical, chemical

Types of damage?

Single base, two base, chain break, crosslink

Single base damage examples?

Deamination, depurination

Hypoxanthine comes from?

Adenine deamination

Uracil comes from?

Cytosine deamination

Depurination rate per day?

2000-10,000 purines

Free radicals damage base?

8-Hydroxy guanine

UV damage?

Pyrimidine dimers

Ionizing radiation damage?

Chain breaks

Mutation definition?

Change in base sequence

Types of mutations?

Point and frameshift

Point mutations subtypes?

Transitions and transversions

Transitions?

Purine to purine or pyrimidine to pyrimidine

Transversions?

Purine to pyrimidine or vice versa

Silent?

Same amino acid

Missense?

Different amino acid

Nonsense?

Stop codon

Frameshift cause?

In/ deletion

Mutations can lead to?

Disease, cancer

DNA repair mechanisms?

Base, NER, mismatch, DSB