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P - Addiction > Reducing addiction > Flashcards

Reducing addiction Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

how does drug therapy work on a biological level

A

interact with receptors and enzymes in the brain to reduce cravings or the desire to engage in an activity

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2
Q

what are the three types of drug treatments

A

aversives
agonists
antagonists

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3
Q

out of the three drug treatments which prevent withdrawal symptoms

A

agonists

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4
Q

what do aversives do

A

produce unpleasant consequences if taken with specific drugs eg vomiting and nausea

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5
Q

what principle does aversives based off

A

counter conditioning - replacing pleasant associations with unpleasant ones

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6
Q

what are the three ways to reduce addiction

A
  • drug therapy
  • behavioural interventions
  • CBT
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7
Q

what are agonists in simple terms

A

drug substitutes

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8
Q

how do agonists work

A

act as a less harmful replacement for the drug on which people are dependent

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9
Q

how are agonists less harmful than the original drug

A

have fewer side effects and involve a gradual and controlled withdrawal

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10
Q

how do agonists work on a biological level

A

bind to the same neuron receptors as the addictive drugs and produce a similar effect

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11
Q

how do agonists allow for a gradual and controlled withdrawal

A

there is a gradual reduction in dosage

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12
Q

how do antagonists work

A

prevent the drug of dependence from having its usual effects

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13
Q

how do antagonists work on a biological level

A

block the neural receptor sites

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14
Q

what type of treatment is needed alongside antagonists

A

therapies that tackle the psychosocial causes of the addiction

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15
Q

what do drug therapies for nicotine addiction usually involve (the 2 types)

A
  • nicotine replacement therapy
  • pharmacological interventions (medication)
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16
Q

what type of drug therapies is nicotine replacement therapy

A

agonists

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17
Q

how does NRT work

A

gradually releases nicotine into the bloodstream at lower levels than in a cigarette and without other harmful chemicals in the smoke

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18
Q

what does NRT help the individual control

A

cravings
their mood
prevent relapse

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19
Q

how does NRT work on a biological level

A

causes dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens just like if the person smoked

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20
Q

how does NRT get a person off of their nictonine addiction

A

overtime the dosage of nicotine is reduced in stregnth so the patient can withdraw

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21
Q

how long does NRT usually take

A

2-3 months

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22
Q

what are the different types of NRT

A

nicotine patches, sprays, gum

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23
Q

what are the two medications used for nicotine addictions

A
  • varenicline
  • bupropion
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24
Q

what are varenicline and bupropion

A

nicotine free pulls that reduce a persons craving and withdrawal symptoms and chances of relapse

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25
what is it about varenicline and bupropion that people like
being nicotine free means they dont increase heart rate and blood pressure
26
how does varenicline work on a biological level
attaches to many of the nicotine receptors in a smokers brain
27
what type of drug therapy is varenicline
partial agonist
28
what effect does varenicline have
- less intense, continual release of dopamine across the whole day - if a cigarette is had, it blocks the nicotine from acting on receptors so no positive effect is felt
29
how what does bupropion do
inhibits the reuptake of dopamine
30
what effect do drug treatments have on gambling
reduce the urges and craivns to gamble as well as the symptoms of depression or anxiety
31
what are the two drug treatments for gambling addictions
- opioid antagonists - antidepressants
32
name the example of an opioid antagonists
naltrexone
33
name the example of an antidepressant
SSRI
34
what effect do opioid antagonists have
enhance the release of GABA
35
what effect does increasing the release of GABA have biologically
reduces the release of dopamine in the NAc
36
how does reducing dopamine release reduce gambling urges
- no pleasure from gambling - reduces the intensity and frequency of gambling urges
37
what effect do antidpressants have biologically
increase serotonin levels, improving gambling behaviour
38
how does higher serotonin levels improve gambling behaviour
- reduces the symptoms of depression and anxiety - reduces the impulsivity associated w gambling
39
what assumption do behavioural interventions work on
the assumption that addictive behaviours are learned so can be reduced by changing the consequences of the behaviours
40
what do behavioural interventions intend to do to addictive behaviour
replace pleasant consequences with unpleasant consequences so the motivation to smoke/gamble is reduced
41
what are the two types of behavioural intervention
- aversion therapy - covert sensitisation
42
what is aversion therapy also known as
overt sensitisation
43
which behavioural intervention uses real unpleasant associations
aversion therapy
44
which behavioural intervention uses imagined unpleasant associatiosn
covert sensitisation
45
what happens during aversion therapy
the patient engages in the addictive behav whilst being exposed to something unpleasant
46
give examples of the unpleasant things used in aversion therapy
taking a drug that makes them feel nauseous, a bad smell, mild electric shocks
47
what theory are behavioural interventions based on
classical conditionig
48
how can aversion therapy be used for alcohol addiction
patient given an aversive drug causing nausea when alcohol is consumed
49
give an example of an aversive drug for alcohol addiction
disulfiram
50
what effect does disulfiram have on the body
interferes with the metabolising of alcohol causing servere nausea
51
what is the conditioned response from consuming alcohol
nausea and vomiting
52
how does aversion therapy work on gambling addictions
when phrases related to gambling addiction are read out, the patient recieves an electric shock
53
why does aversion therapy for gambling addiction involve more preparation
- patient needs to write down some phrases related to gambling, some not - patient needs to preselect duration and intensity of the shock
54
how is covert sensitisation different to aversion therapy
unpleasant stimulus is imagined (in vitro) rather than reality (in vivo)
55
how are the unpleasant stimuli for covert sensitisation imagined
pictured in the persons mind
56
what must the imagined unpleasant stimulus do to the patient
cause feelings of considerable discomfort or anxiety
57
what level of discomfort must the aversies cause
pain but no permanent damage
58
how can covert sensitisation be used for alcohol addiction
patients could imagine themselves feeling intense nausea, vomiting, embarrassing themselves
59
what is the aim of CBT
to change faulty ways of thinking that lead people to use drugs
60
what are the two parts of a CBT programme
- functional analysis - skills training
61
what is functional analysis
identifying and tackling the cognitive distortions that underlie addictions, replacing them with more adaptive ways of thinking
62
what is skills training
helping the client to develop coping behaviours to avoid high risk situations that trigger the addiction
63
what should the client-therapist relationship be like in CBT
collaborative but challenging
64
how is CBT helpful in the early stages of treatment
helps the client identify the triggers/reasons for their addictions
65
how are the triggers/reasons for a client's addiction identified in CBT
client shares what they think before, during and after engaging in addictive behaviour
66
how is CBT helpful in the later stages of treatment
helps the client identify continued problems and what further skills training may be needed
67
what are the three types of skills training
- cognitive restructuring - specific skills - social skills
68
is functional analysis a one time thing
no
69
what is cognitive restructuring
addressing the client's faulty beliefs about probability, randomness, control, gains and losses
70
why is there an educational element to cognitive restructuring
client receives info about the nature of chance to confront their beliefs
71
why is CBT considered a broad spectrum treatment
it focuses on wider aspects of the client's life that are related to his/her addiction
72
what are the two types of specific skills training in CBT
- assertiveness training - anger management trainig
73
when is specific skills training used
when the client lacks specific skills to cope with situations that trigger alcohol use
74
what is assertiveness training
help the client confront interpersonal conflicts in a controlled way - eg refuse a drink
75
what is anger management training
helping clients cope with the situations that make them angry enough to resort to drinking
76
what is a lack of social skills
problems interacting with others in a social setting
77
can addiction affect social development
yes can cause a lack of social skill
78
what is social skills training
developing skills that allow the client to cope with anxiety in social settings
79
what is the key part to all skill training
the therapist modelling the correct behaviour
80
what are the three steps to all skills training
- therapist explains the reason behind learning new skill - therapist performs the new skill - client imitates the therapist

P - Addiction (6 decks)

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