Risk factors in the development of addiction

Question 1

what are the five risk factors in the development of addiction

Answer 1

genetic vulnerability
stress
personality
family influences
peers

Question 2

how does genetics play a role in addiction

Answer 2

by predisposing individuals to become addicted to some substances

Question 3

what is key to the genetic vulnerability risk factor

Answer 3

there has to be a gene environment interaction - person needs to be exposed to the drug otherwise they won’t become addicted

Question 4

what affects the likelihood of becoming addicted

Answer 4

the way your body responds to a drug - genetics

Question 5

if someone is more able to metabolise substances what does this mean about addiction

Answer 5

they are less likely to experience the negative effects of those substances making them more likely to take it again = addiction

Question 6

what study can support genetic vulnerabilities

Answer 6

Michael Pianezza - people lacking a fully functioning enzyme responsible for metabolising nicotine smoke less

Question 7

what gene makes us more susceptible to the positive effects of a drug

Answer 7

the dopamine receptor gene

Question 8

who studied the dopamine receptor gene

Answer 8

Blum and Payne

Question 9

what did Blum and Payne find

Answer 9

individuals vulnerable to drug addiction have low levels of dopamine meaning anytime the amount of dopamine increases, they have strong feelings of euphoria

Question 10

how is stress a risk factor in the development of addiction

Answer 10

people can turn to drug to temporarily release stress - coping mechanism

Question 11

how do mediating factors impact stress as a risk factor for addiction

Answer 11

factors like social support means it may not be the level of stress but the ability to cope with it that predisposes someone to addiction

Question 12

who created the self medication model

Answer 12

Gelkopf

Question 13

what does the self medication model say about addiction

Answer 13

proposes that some individuals intentionally use different forms of pathological behaviour (eg drugs) to treat the psychological symptoms they experience in everyday stressors

Question 14

what did Dawes find

Answer 14

stress is one of the strongest predictors of relapse

Question 15

what did Sinha et al find

Answer 15

stress is one of the strongest predictors of increased drug cravings

Question 16

what type of stress further increases the chances of developing an addiciton

Answer 16

severe stress eg post traumatic stress

Question 17

who did Kessler et al study

Answer 17

men and women with PTSD

Question 18

what did Kessler et al find about men

Answer 18

for men with a history of PTSD 34% reported drug dependence

Question 19

what did Kessler et al find about women

Answer 19

for women with a history of PTSD 27% reported drug dependence vs 8% without PTSD

Question 20

what approach is the family influences risk factor based on

Answer 20

social learning theory

Question 21

explain how people learn about addiction through social learning theory

Answer 21

addiction knowledge and behaviour demonstrated by family is passed on through daily routines

Question 22

how does social learning theory explain addiction in terms of family influences

Answer 22

if we see our role models get rewarded for their behaviour - this vicarious reinforcement will increase the liklihood of us imitating the behaviour

Question 23

give an example of social learning theory explaining smoking addicition

Answer 23

child sees parent feel more relaxed after smoking - child tries it to get the same result - repeated exposure = addiction

Question 24

from social learning theory what bit of the addicition is the imitated behaviour

Answer 24

the DESIRE to try the substance

Question 25

what do expectancies form

Answer 25

schemas

Question 26

what are expectancies

Answer 26

learned consequences for behaviour

Question 27

give a negative expectancy example for alcohol consumption

Answer 27

if we drink alcohol we get ill - becuase we watched our brother be ill from it

Question 28

what do we learn expectancies from

Answer 28

the environment

Question 29

give an positive expectancy examples for smoking

Answer 29

if we smoke cigarettes we look cool - because we saw a rock star doing it

Question 30

what part of family influence can create the biggest vulnerability to addiction

Answer 30

perceived parental approval

Question 31

what is perceived parental approval

Answer 31

the extent to which an adolescent believes that his/her parents have POSITIVE attitudes towards addicitve behaviours (drugs/gambling)

Question 32

who did a study on percieved parental approval and drinking

Answer 32

Livingston

Question 33

what did Livingston find

Answer 33

high school students whose parents let them drink were more likely to drink excessively at college

Question 34

why does percieved parental approve influence behaviours

Answer 34

adolescents believe their parents have no or little interest in monitoring their behaviour

Question 35

of the family unit, which individual has the biggest influence on behaviour

Answer 35

older siblings

Question 36

why do siblings have a bigger influence than parents

Answer 36

although both act as role models, identification is higher with siblings

Question 37

at what point in life does peer influence have a bigger effect than family influence

Answer 37

older children and beyond

Question 38

who proposed the three major elements to peer influence in alcohol addiction

Answer 38

Mary O'Connell

Question 39

what were the three elemennts O'Connell suggested influence alcohol addiction

Answer 39

1 - associating with peers who use alcohol 2 - peers providing the opportunity to consume alcohol 3 - overestimating and keeping up with the percieved norm

Question 40

what attitudes of the peers influence drug use (3)

Answer 40

- a culture of rule breaking - continued drug use - one instance of drug use

Question 41

what is peer pressure

Answer 41

the direct or indirect encouragement from one's own age group to engage in activities we may or may not want to engage in

Question 42

what is the social identity theory

Answer 42

it is essential to be part of the 'ingroup' to be socially accepted, so people are more likely to adopt their behaviours

Question 43

what is the problem with the perceived norm

Answer 43

it rarelly acts as an accurate perception of reality

Question 44

what is the perceived norm in reference to addiction

Answer 44

perceived that more alcohol/drug/cigarettes are used than in reality (an overestimation)

Question 45

what is the impact of the perceived norm on an individual

Answer 45

engage in higher usage of the drug/alcohol to feel like they are catching up with their peers

Question 46

what did Cloninger suggest

Answer 46

there are three key traits that make up an addictive personality

Question 47

what did Cloninger create

Answer 47

the tri-dimensional theory

Question 48

what are the three traits of Cloninger's theory

Answer 48

- novelty seeking - harm avoidance - reward dependence

Question 49

what did Cloninger mean by novelty seeking

Answer 49

the need for change and stimulation - seeking new experiences to overcome boredom

Question 50

what did Cloninger mean by harm avoidance

Answer 50

the amount a person worries and see the negative sides of situations

Question 51

what did Cloninger mean by reward dependence

Answer 51

when someone reacts and learns from a rewarding situation quickly

Question 52

how does novelty seeking influence the development of addiction

Answer 52

if have high novelty seeking, more likely to seek new sensations from drugs

Question 53

how does harm avoidance influence the development of addiction

Answer 53

if low in it, people are less worried about the harm from drugs and more likely to use them

Question 54

how does reward dependence influence the development of addiction

Answer 54

if highly reward dependent, prediposed to addiction because effects are felt quickly and easily

Question 55

are personality disorders common amougnst addicts

Answer 55

yes

Question 56

what personality disorder in particular is common amoungst addicts

Answer 56

anti-social personality disorder (APD)

Question 57

how prevalent are personality disorders in alcoholics

Answer 57

44%

Question 58

how prevalent are personality disorders in cocaine addicts

Answer 58

70%

Question 59

how prevalent are personality disorders in opiate addicts

Answer 59

79%

Question 60

who studied the prevalence of personality disorders in addicts

Answer 60

Verhheul