Reformation

Question 1

Causes of the reformation

Answer 1

Influence of the Renaissance
Wealth of the church
Abuses of the church
Power of kings

Question 2

Abuses of the Church

Answer 2

Simony
Nepotism
Absenteeism
Pluralism
Sale of indulgences
Misbehaviour of priests + popes

Question 3

Martin Luther - Early life

Answer 3

Martin Luther was the man who started the Reformation. He was born to a wealthy family in Saxony, Germany in 1483.

Question 4

Martin Luther - Justification by faith alone

Answer 4

Luther studied the Bible to make sure he would get into heaven. The Catholic Church said you need to believe in God + perform good works to get into heaven, but Luther saw you need to believe in God because only he can get you into heaven

Question 5

Martin Luther - Sale of Indulgences

Answer 5

Friar John Tezel began selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517. Luther wrote to the archbishop in protest + was ignored. Luther wrote 95 theses in Latin. The 95 theses were translated and spread across Germany. This became a full-scale attack on the power of the Pope

Question 6

Response of the Catholic church

Answer 6

In 1519, the Pope sent John Eck to debate Luther. In the debate Luther went further + said that the pope had no more power to interpret the bible them anyone else. Pope said take it back Luther refused. The Pope sent a papal bull+ threatened excommunication. Luther burned the papal bull + was excommunicated in 1521

Question 7

Diet of Worms

Answer 7

Luther kept writing pamphlets + speaking rejecting the power of the Pope. The Holy Roman Emperor called a Diet of German princes at Worms in 1521 about Luther. Luther was given free passage but refused to change his mind.

Question 8

After the edict of worms

Answer 8

After the Diet of Worms, Charles issued the Edict of Worms, making Luther a criminal. Luther’s followers protested this + became known as Protestants. Luther was to be arrested for heresy, but Prince Fredrick of Saxony arranged a false kidnapping and hid him in his castle for a yearn where he translated the bible into German.

Question 9

Luther’s beliefs

Answer 9

No religious hierarchy
Mass + Bible should be in the vernacular
Justification by faith alone
Clergy can marry
2 sacraments: baptism + communion
Consubstantiation not transubstantiation

Question 10

Countries that became Protestant during the Reformation

Answer 10

Britain
Norway
Sweden
Denmark

Question 11

Counter reformation

Answer 11

Courts of Inquisition- tried heretics + burned at the stake
New religious orders- Jesuits
The council of Trent- Improved issues in Catholic church

Question 12

Results of the reformation

Answer 12

Religious persecution: Protestant vs Catholic
Religious war: Spain vs Netherlands. Dutch fought for freedom 1566-1648
Power of kings: Church had to meet king’s demands
Education: Protestants wanted education so people could read the bible. Catholics thought reformers didn’t understand Catholicism
Art: Protestants rejected art. Catholics decorated to attract members, creating the Baroque era