Refs

Question 1

What is a ref for the Orbis Hypothesis?

Answer 1

Lewis, 2015

Question 2

What is a ref for the footprints of international trade?

Answer 2

Weidmann, 2018

• Production is increasingly geographically separated from consumption, as a result environmental and social impacts occur far from consumers
• Global multi-region input-output (GMIO) models trace the embodied impacts of consumption
• 10-70% of global social and environmental impacts happen outside the country of consumption
• 30% of global fine particulate emissions in 2007 were embodied in reports, from China and India to USA and Europe

Question 3

What is a ref about agricultural emergence?

Answer 3

Scarre, 2018

• Social competition theory - food surpluses allowed feasting and status. Increased agricultural production
• Domestication: reduction in animal size, and colours, no selective pressures
• Agriculture led to sedentism, allowing the accumulation of goods and permanent architecture
• This led to an increase of conflict, stored food and property became targets
• State institutions emerged to collect tax and offer protection

Question 4

What is a ref about resilience in pre-columbian amazonia?

Answer 4

De Souza, 2019

• Looked archaeological and paleoclimatic data from 6 Amazonian regions
• Specialised, intensive land use system societies were vulnerable to climate variability
• Many Amazonian societies invested in landesque capital, infrastructure like raised fields, artificial ponds, improved long term productivity
• After European contact, 90-95% population decline due to epidemics and violence
• Panarchy theory

Question 5

What is the Panarchy theory?

Answer 5

De Souza, 2019

• Describes adaptive cycles
• Growth, conservation, release, reorganisation
• Resources are abundant (society settling on fertile land, increasing agricultural output)
• System becomes stable (large scale centralised agriculture)
• Shock causes collapse (climate, drought, social unrest)
• Resources are reorganised, new growth may start (smaller, decentralised communities re-emerge after collapse)
• Hierarchical societies often try to prolong the growth phase and resist collapse, but become more brittle

Question 6

What is a ref about greengrabbing?

Answer 6

Fairhead, 2012

• The appropriation of land for ‘environmental conservation’. e.g. biofuel production, carbon offset schemes
• Presented as beneficial for the environment but can lead to the displacement of local communities and the loss of traditional livelihoods
• Imposing environmental agendas without consideration or consent for affected communities
• Neocolonialism
• Authors advocate for environmental initiatives that recognise and integrate local knowledge, rights and participation