Regenerating Places Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
Define Regeneration
A
Long-term upgrading of existing places or more drastic renewal schemes for urban residential, retail, industrial and commercial areas, as well as rural areas
2
Q
What are the two main ways of classifying Economic Activity
A
Employment sector; be it primary (agriculturally based), secondary (manufacture based), tertiary (service based) and quaternary (information based)
Employment type: part time/full time, temporary/permanent and employed/self-employed.
3
Q
Explain how Employment Sector can be used as a means of defining a places economic activity
A
- As tertiary, quaternary and quinary sectors, increase, social class is
being replaced by levels of education and skills
- The quinary sector is an important aspect of the increasing ‘knowledge
economy’, creating prosperity in distinctive areas of the UK such as the
Cambridge triangle, M4 corridor and London - The process of globalisation and the growth of high tech and
knowledge industries – especially the growth of sectors of science,
technology and finance – have been deliberately encouraged by
governments, whose aim is economic stability and growth - Places embracing growth in these high-end employment sectors are
able to become ‘winners’ – while other places are relative ‘losers’,
marginalised and even deprived in opportunity, facilities and standards
of living
4
Q
Explain how Employment Type can be used as a means of defining a places economic activity
A
- In 2015, there were 32 million people in work in the UK, with 1.85 million
unemployed - There are three main types of worker: employees with contracts,
workers and self-employed - 18.4 million people had full time contracts, while there were 9 million
part-time contracts - In general, the higher the number of full-time contracts in a place– the
greater its economic activity
5
Q
What controversial aspects of employment remain in the current UK society
A
The gender gap has narrowed but still exists; on average men get paid
10 per cent more than men
Zero-hour contracts can lead to the exploitation of workers
Temporary and seasonal work usually has low pay, for example tourism
and agriculture
6
Q
What three impacts does Economic Activity have on a place?
A
Health
Life expectancy
levels of education
7
Q
Explain How Economic Activity can impact Health
A
- Health may be measured by morbidity and longevity
- There is a direct link between place, deprivation and associated
lifestyles - Those working in long hours in manual jobs such as building and
agriculture or exposed to harmful effects of chemicals or pollutants will
have a raised risk of poorer health and mortality - Health is therefore linked to economic sectors and the type of
employment - A person’s poorer socio-economic position will increase their likelihood
of poor health
8
Q
Explain How Economic Activity can impact life expectancy
A
- Longevity varies substantially between places, regions and within
settlements - In the wealthy area of Harrow – the life expectancy is 65 -year- males
can expect to live six years more than those in Glasgow
9
Q
Explain How Economic Activity can Impact Education
A
- Education provision and outcome is unequal in the UK
- Working-class white children in poverty have a lower educational
achievement and are more likely to continue to underachieve
- More disadvantaged children, many of which are on free school meals,
may feel a lack of control over their learning and may be reluctant to
carry on to higher education academic studies
10
Q
Explain how Pay Inequalities have developed in the UK
A
- Those working in the primary sector and low-level services receive
lower pay than those in more skilled and professional sectors - Jobs may be seasonal and insecure compared with manufacturing and
higher-level services - The richest 1% of the population received 13% of all income and
accumulated as much wealth as the poorest 55% if the population put
together in 2014 - The UK now has the most billionaires per capita than any other country
– just five families control the same wealth as 20% of the population - The bottom 10% of earners, with weakly wages of under 288 pounds,
are concentrated in customer-service occupations such as carers.
11
Q
Define Quality of Life
A
The level of social and economic well-being experienced by individuals or communities measured by various indicators including health, happiness, educational achievement, income and leisure time
12
Q
What four factors are commonly used in measuring quality of life
A
Economic Inequality: Employment opportunities, type of work and
income
Social Inequality: Segregation of people and marginalisation or
exclusion of subgroups
Service Inequality: Health facilities, public transport, food may be
unequally available and accessed
Environmental Inequality: Pollution levels, derelict land and access to
open space have impacts on people’s well-being
13
Q
How do the functional and characteristics of places change over time
A
As places develop, functions and demographic characteristics change.
Overtime, employment may change between administration, commercial, retail or industry whilst age structures and ethnic compositions alter demographics
14
Q
What common Functional Changes have occurred in Places in recent years
A
- Historically, specialist functions such as banks, department stores,
council offices and doctors’ surgeries are classed as high-order
functions and located in larger settlements – while more ubiquitous
grocery stores, pubs etc. are located in low-order functions and are
found in small villages - However, due to the rise in commercial functions such as the internet,
which has allowed for click-and-collect and online banking – the need for
high street functions shopping has declined - In rural settings, pubs may now double up as community centres, post
offices and village shops
15
Q
What common Demographic Changes have occurred in Places in recent years
A
- The demographic structure of places may change by age, gender and
socio-economic status - Gentrification is a change in the social structure of a place when
affluent people move into a location – planners may allow developers
to upgrade the place’s characteristics, residential and retail, to
deliberately attract people of high social status and income - For example, Super-Gentrification in Notting Hill, London: Victorian
slums are now sold for multi-million prices - Studentification – in places often higher education provision – students
often cluster in certain areas in towns and cities – their absence during
holidays and their anti-social behaviour can often cause conflict with
residents - For example, in Headingly, Leeds, two-thirds of the 10,000 residents are
students, concentrated in 73 streets of terraced houses
16
Q
Explain the four factors that are driving Functional and Demographic
characteristics of places
A
Physical: e.g. location such as proximity to large cities and core economic zones, environment (places vary in attractiveness)
Accessibility and Connectedness: e.g. Access: Motorways, rail and air travel, Connections: used to help competition for investment and visitors
Historical Development: Changes in consumer trends: In retailing, from corner shop to supermarket to online shopping. In house types, increasing demand for single homes. The role of TNCs in shaping consumer demand and hence, the character of a place (e.g. clones shopping malls)
Increased affluence: Has increased leisure and tourism functions, so many house and buildings converted, such as bars and B&Bs or second homes.
Role of planning by governments and other stakeholders: National government: Policies on restructuring the UK economy, trying to equalise the benefits – the 1990s policy of increasing student numbers so that 50% of children go onto higher education
17
Q
What four methods can be used to measure changes in places
A
land-use change
employment trends
demographic changes
levels of deprivation
18
Q
Explain the Index of Multiple Deprivation
A
- This is the most widely used scale in England and Wales, ranking Lower
layer Super Output Areas (LSOA) from 1 (the most deprived area in the
country) to 32,844 (the least deprived area) based on seven individual
domains which jointly make up a decile score. - These domains are: income deprivation; employment deprivation;
education, skills & training deprivation; health deprivation & disability;
crime; barriers to housing & services; and living environment
deprivation. - Each domain is given a relative weighting in the overall IMD score
- The findings of the September 2015 IMD report found
There are pockets of deprivation within less deprived places in all
English regions
Deprivation is still concentrated in large urban conurbations, areas that
have historically had heavy industry, manufacturing and or/mining
sectors and coastal towns
19
Q
Define Connections
A
Any type of physical, social or online linkages between places. Places may keep some of their characteristics or change them as a result
20
Q
Give the features of Canterbury
A
Population of roughly 55,000
1 in 5 of the population aged 15-24 due to its student population
stemming from the 3 universities and 6 secondary schools.
Has an unemployment rate below the national average
In terms of employment sectors – rapid advances in the Finance and
Business services since mid 1950s – while there has been rapid
declines in manufacturing since the mid 1960s (Shift from secondary to
tertiary sector)
Public services have also steadily increased – above the national
average (e.g. health, education etc.)
Strong bus and train services – High speed from London and quick
access to M25 motorway
Very successful in tourism – tourists from mainland Europe flock to
Canterbury for the Cathedral and historical aspects of the town.
(Cathedral, St Augustine’s Abbey and St Martin’s Church are all UNESCO
World Heritage Sites)
21
Q
Explain how past and present regeneration has shaped Canterbury
A
University of Kent built in 1962 – University of Christchurch followed –
been central in investment and re-generation projects in the area –
development of old and grotty housing into modern developments
Marlowe Arcade opened in 1985 and the Roman museum in 1994 –
attracted tourists
Whitefriars Shopping Centre in Canterbury was completed in 2005
Allowed Canterbury to flourish as a town
22
Q
Give the features of Margate
A
Population of roughly 64,000
Has one of the largest elderly resident demographics in its district – its
seaside location attracts retirees
Margate’s wards: Cliftonville West, Margate Central and Dane Valley;
have three of the highest unemployment rates in the district (19.6%
,15.5%,7%).
It also has some of the most deprived wards in England – Margate
Central and Cliftonville West are among the top 10% of the most
deprived wards in England and Wales – while 13 of its LSOAs are among
the most deprived in Kent
Was heavily damaged by the war – while Canterbury quickly recovered
–Post-war time in Margate was dominated by decline and decay.
Failed to recognise that an economy reliant on sea-side tourism would
inherently fail in a globalised world - revenue produced by hotels during
the summer months failed to cover expenditures during the quieter
months,
with the result that buildings fell into disrepair.
Has strong public transport connections such as HS1 and bus services –
but limited access to motorways
23
Q
Explain how past and present regeneration has shaped Margate
A
In the late 1990s and early years of the 21st century, Co-operation
between Thanet District Council, the UK government and the European
Union worked to provide a solution to the problem of high deprivation
in Margate
In 2002, the Margate Old Town (THI) scheme was launched with a fund
of over £1 million available over three years. This fund permitted the
repair and refurbishment of many buildings that had been derelict and
un-inhabitable for decades.
Construction of the Turner Contemporary museum and art space began
in 2008 with the aim of restoring Margate’s artistic culture - between
2011 and 2016 960,000 people visited the Turner Contemporary who
would not otherwise have visited Margate
However, Margate remains extremely deprived and progress has been
slow
24
Q
When might a region be considered successful?
A
- A region perceived as successful tends to be self-sustaining as more
people and investment are drawn to the opportunities created, from
both inside the country and from other places
25
What negative externalities may arise in a successful region
- Overheated property prices, congestion of roads and public transport, and
skills shortages
26
Explain an example of a successful urban region
• Successful regions, such as San Francisco Bay area, have high rates of
employment, inward migration and low levels of multiple deprivation.
This alongside high property prices and skills shortages creates a
wealthy and developing region
- In the 1990s it became the focus of Califonia's new 'gold rush', home to global dot-com businesses such as Dropbox
and Twitter.
- There has been extreme job growth in STEM biotech, life sciences and digital media companies.
- The multiplier effect is fuelled by its technological and transportation infrastructure, high quality of life and highly
skilled workforce. However, not all have benefited.
- So-called 'Google Effect' of the gentrification of districts alongside Google buses transporting worker to its Mountain
View campus has created discontent from the established, less-affluent displaced locals.
27
Explain an example of an unsuccessful region
• Less successful regions, such as the Rust Belt in the USA, (cities such
as Chicago and Detroit) have faced the cycle of decline – where one
factor exacerbates the other.
- Economic restructuring has caused increasing levels of social
deprivation, worsening education, health, crime, access to services and
the living environment
28
Explain an example of a successful rural region
• Successful regions, such as small villages and towns in Worcester have
been growing faster than many larger urban areas, both in terms of
population and economic output
- Rural areas such as Worcester has a lower rate of unemployment and
insolvencies
- Higher-value food products are booming, as are leisure and tourism
- Rural areas have also been supported by transport and technology
innovations allowing counter-urbanisation
29
Explain an example of an unsuccessful rural region
• Less successful regions, such as Redruth in Cornwall, have had similar
cycles of decline as in urban areas.
- The loss of primary sectors such as the mining industry and fishing
sectors – combined with a lack of investment – has created poor and
isolated communities. 40% of households are on less than 10,000
pounds a year
30
Define Reinventor City
Have changed their economic base successfully by encouraging IT and digital media, have higher wages, graduate workers, new businesses and productivity
31
Define Replicator City
Have replaced cotton mills with call centres and dockyards with distribution centres and are less sustainable. They tend to have a higher share of workers with low qualifications and a working age population claiming benefits
32
What is the fundamental reason behind the regeneration of urban and rural areas
Regeneration is thus done to create a balance and eradicate social and economic inequalities. By regenerating an area, business opportunities arise which improve social facilities and overall quality of life and wellbeing.
33
Sink Estates
Housing estates characterised by high levels of economic and social deprivation and crime – examples such as the Barracks of Glasgow – Redruth in Cornwall
34
Gated Communities
Found in urban and rural settlements as either individual buildings or groups of houses. They are landscapes of surveillance, with CCTV and often 24/7 security guards. They are designed to deter access by unknown people and reduce crime – e.g. London Docklands
35
Commuter Villages
Settlements have a proportion of their population living in them but who commute out daily or weekly, usually to larger settlements either nearby or further afield. Such places, tend to have affluent populations and low levels of deprivation measured by wealth and employment
36
Explain an example of a Commuter place
In the Itchen Valley, which is an accessible rural place, with about 1900 residents – a few miles from Winchester and fast mainline railway to London coupled with the M3 has meant it has become a commuter hotspot. Has breathed new life into the valley with schools and pubs, however, has also meant that house and land prices have rocketed
37
How can the level of community engagement be measured
Local and national election turn outs
The number of community activities
The number of developed and supported local community groups
38
Explain how local and national election turn outs can measure community engagement
- The Electoral Commission recorded that 7.5 million eligible voters were
not registered in 2015
- Poor, black and young people in urban areas are the least likely to be
on the electoral role
- In 2014, local election turnout was only 36%, while mere 15% voted
during the Police and Crime commissioner elections in 2012 – such
results have triggered calls for compulsory voting at local and national
level
39
Explain how Community Activities and Groups can measure community engagement
- Support for local community groups varies across the country and is
dependent on local willingness to participate and the main aim of the
group
- These range from committees running local allotments, open spaces
and nature reserves to village shops and vociferous NIMBY (Not In My
Back Yard) groups protesting over planned developments such as new
housing, fracking and wind farms
40
Explain the importance of Community participation in progressing regeneration
- Regeneration relies on community participation at all levels – 9000
grant organisations – including government, National Lottery,
supermarket chains and charities that are able to help with basic
administration and running costs
41
Define Lived Experience
The actual experience of living in a particular place or environment. Such experience can have a profound impact on a person’s perceptions and values, as well as on their general development and their outlook on the world.
42
What 5 factors determine lived experience
1. Age
2. Gender
3. Ethnicity
4. . Length of Residence.
5. Levels of Deprivation
43
How may Age determine the 'Lived Experience' of an individual
Young people may in once sense feel citizens of the global culture but at the same time may struggle for sense of acceptance in the local societies in which they live
44
How may Gender determine the 'Lived Experience' of an individual
Despite modern equality measures, women may still feel less able to go the pub alone; women or men may also feel more active in their local community if home with children
45
How may Ethnicity determine the 'Lived Experience' of an individual
Non-white British may differ in their views because of local antipathy or acceptance; older generations may feel just as British as their white counterparts
46
How may Length of Residence determine the 'Lived Experience' of an individual
New migrants and students may have less strong attachments than longstanding locals
47
How may Levels of Deprivation determine the 'Lived Experience' of an individual
Higher levels of deprivation may be associated with anti-establishment views, those in temporary accommodation or rented housing may feel ‘at home’ than owner
48
Explain how regeneration can lead to conflict between communities
Conflicts can occur between different groups in communities who have contrasting views on priorities and strategies for regeneration.
-These have a number of causes including
A lack of political engagement and representation
Ethnic tensions
Inequality
A lack of economic opportunity
49
Explain how studentification of a place can lead to conflict
Has affected many urban areas such as Leeds, Nottingham and Southampton has led to concentrations of transient, exuberant youthful groups, who may have little regard for their surrounding longer-term residence – has forced some authorities to try and restrict the number of houses of multiple occupation
50
Define infrastructure
The basic physical systems of a place: economic infrastructure includes highways, energy distribution, water and sewerage facilities, and telecommunication networks.
Social infrastructure includes public housing, hospitals, schools and universities
51
Explain the importance of governance in the success of regeneration
- The government plays a key role in regeneration by managing the
country’s economic, social and physical environments through various
political decisions
- Investments on infrastructure and addressing issues of accessibility are
seen as major factors in maintaining economic growth
- By investing in infrastructure, such as high-speed rails and airport
developments, UK governments can maintain economic growth and
improve accessibility to regenerate regions.
52
Give three examples of national government bodies that promote regeneration
- The Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG)
- The Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS)
- The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra)
- These all hold valuable roles in the promotion of sustained economic
growth through local planning laws, protection of heritage sites and the
holding of environmental stability.
53
Heathrow Runway Three overview
- After 12 years of debate, the Airport Commission gave a clear and
unanimous recommendation for an expansion at Heathrow, including a
third runway, in 2015.
- Cost of 18.6 billion – which will be privately funded but some of the
infrastructure will be publicly funded
54
Explain the arguments against the Heathrow Runway Three
- Greenhouse and gas emissions: Environmental campaigners are
concerned that the increased CO2 emissions caused by the additional
flights will contribute to global warming. They argued that the claimed
economic benefits would be more than wiped out by the cost of the
CO2 emissions.
- Destruction of housing areas: Some 700 homes, a church and eight
Grade II-listed buildings would have to be demolished or abandoned,
the high street in Harmondsworth split, a graveyard "bulldozed" and the
"entire village of Sipson could disappear".
- Noise and air pollution: Building a third runway at Heathrow would
expose hundreds of thousands of residents in London and Berkshire to
sustained high levels of aircraft noise for the first time.
55
Explain the arguments For the Heathrow Runway Three
- Cost Effective: Heathrow already has good transport links. A third
runway would be the cheapest way to create additional capacity.
- Existing infrastructure: Heathrow already has a well-developed
transport infrastructure which increases the efficiency of adding an
extra runway at Heathrow. High Speed II could be extended to
Heathrow offering a fast connection from Birmingham.
- Employment: Heathrow is also a big employer in the area, supporting
250,000 jobs. Relocating to another hub airport would lead to job
losses in the Heathrow area. In 2001, over 8.5 million passed through
Heathrow, representing almost 40% of all visitors from overseas.
56
High Speed Two
- The Department for Transport’s company HS2 Ltd is responsible for
developing and promoting the UK’s new high-speed rail network, High
Speed Two, from London to Birmingham, Manchester and Leeds
- It is key to the large-scale Northern Powerhouse regeneration scheme
- There has been great controversy about the costs, exact route of the
line and its effect on those living nearby
57
What are the three aspects of the role of government planning
Planning laws: National interests may override local interests. Since
2010 the governments National Planning Policy framework as focused
planning on stimulating economic growth. When a developer wants to
implement a scheme – it must fit with this plan.
Planning for fracking: The government sees it as a national priority to
increase secure energy supplies and economic prosperity. Fracking is
key here and the government has issued many exploration licenses for
oil and gas companies – has created an uproar from residents
Planning for housing needs: The government has favoured a market-led
approach, un interrupted by national government. However, this has
created a situation where there is not enough low-cost housing and
there has been underinvestment in housing development.
58
Explain the variation of the UK government in its policy on immigration
The UK government has been varied on its policy of immigration: with labour being more pro and the Conservatives being more restrictive.
The main argument for is the increased national GDP, taxes and filling the skills shortage gap. The current policy focuses on a ‘skills-based immigration system – rather than a mass-based immigration system
59
Explain the impact of the 1986 government decision to deregulate the banking sector (in terms of regeneration)
In 1986, deregulation occurred with the banking sector and capital markets which ended the Stock Exchange’s monopoly and removed entry barriers which encouraged European and US banks to open in London.
This allowed for the entire regeneration of the London docklands area as investment into a new financial district soared.
60
Explain the importance of local governments in the success of regeneration
- Local government compete to create business environments with
designated areas for development to attract domestic and foreign
investors.
- It is the actions of these local authorities that will determine the success
of the regeneration projects.
- Local interest groups are vital in decision-making and creating
regeneration projects – this can include ‘Chambers of Commerce’
(addiction treatment centres, youth and retirement groups and trade
unions)
61
What are the four different regeneration strategies used by local governments
Retail led
Tourism led
Sport led
Culture led
62
Evaluate a Retail led regeneration plan
- National and local governments are heavily involved in retail planning
- Local authorities can decide on changes of use to buildings and can
influence shop types and locations of malls
- However, recent challenges such as the competition from out-of-town
centres and the rapid growth of internet shopping
- Governments actions include allowing more click-and-collect locations,
pop-up shops and gyms, encouraging street markets, changes to
business rates to help smaller ones compete with the chains
- This creates businesses and job opportunities
63
Evaluate a Tourism led regeneration plan
- There are few rural or urban areas in the UK which do not use this
growth sector to help or lead regeneration
- There is great diversity in types, ranging from informal individual
households offering B&B, custom built private centres such as Center
Parcs, purpose-built leisure complexes in towns and cities, to whole
settlements devoted to tourism such as seaside resorts
- Brings money into the area and provides a flow of culture and positive
media attention, propelling the area onto the global stage
64
Evaluate a Sport led regeneration plan
- Many areas have used sport-led regeneration
- It is used, not only for the construction and running stages of major
sporting events and jobs, but also as a catalyst for longer-term
regeneration
- It allows for community integration and social wellbeing
65
Evaluate a Culture led regeneration plan
- Culture is the background for many different strategies, from City of
Culture and some music festivals at an international and national scale,
flagship arenas and art galleries
- Innovative ideas such as Harry Potter and Downton Abbey, set in
Hampshire’s Highclere Castle, uses places which then attract great
numbers of visitors and help boost local rural economies
66
London Olympic park
| Sport led regeneration case study
- East London was originally a run down and very deprived area – the
Olympic Games allowed for mass regeneration of the area
- After the Olympic games in 2012, the area continued to be a hub for
regeneration
- The International Quarter of the Olympic park is a 37,000 sq. m new
office area, acting as a business frontier next to the largest shopping
centre in Europe at Stratford
- The Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park gas 560 acres of attractions and
has had 4 million visits since it opened
- 10,000 new homes, two primary schools, a secondary school and nine
nurseries have been developed
67
Farm diversification
Farms in the UK are also diversifying their activities to boost income, land type and the entrepreneurial aspirations of individual income
There are several types of farm diversification including:
Agriculture based:Producing and selling speciality cheeses; farming
unusual animals; developing farm shops; craft making facilities
Non-agricultural: Redundant farm buildings converted into offices, light
industry or tea shops: at a larger scale paintballing, clay pigeon
shooting and golf
Environmental schemes: Planting woodland
68
Define Rebranding
Rebranding attempts to represent areas as being more attractive by improving the public perception of them – this involves re-imaging places using media coverage, art and events to enhance the image of urban and rural locations
69
Liverpool Waters
| Urban Rebranding case study 1
- The Atlantic Gateway project is nearly 65km long, 75 billion growth
corridor from Port of Liverpool to Manchester
- Liverpool waters covers this, being a 2km waterfront with plans for
9000 flats, shops, office spaces, a new cruise terminal and cultural
buildings designed to attracts Chinese businesses, reflecting the
twinning of the city with Shanghai
- The flagship 55-story Shanghai Tower will be the tallest skyscraper
outside of London
70
Glasgow
| Urban Rebranding case study 2
- The ‘Scotland With Style’ rebrand aimed, with considerable success, to
attract trade to the city, with new hotel chains, conference centres and
flight routes by EasyJet
- The Glasgow Commonwealth Games was the largest event so far: 1.26
billion people saw or read about Glasgow, the eight-year project, had a
very positive legacy with over 740 million pounds annually, with about
about half in the city and helped youth unemployment
- Land remediation, transport infrastructure and sports facilities were
implemented, all of which are now being used by the public and will be
used for future events.
71
Kielder Water and Forest Park
| Rural Rebranding case study
- Kielder in Northumberland is one of England’s most remote villages
- It was dramatically altered by the creation of Europe’s largest
coniferous plantation and an 11km long reservoir
- Kielder Water and Forest Park attracts 345,000 visitors annually
- Conservation is also integral to its plans, since Kielder has rare red
squirrels
72
Can can the success of regeneration strategies be assessed
- The term regeneration indicates a long-running process rather than a
quick fix to economic, social and environmental problems, despite
political and economic pressures for speed
- It’s the legacy of success, which tackles more systematic and
longstanding issues of inequality and a poor environment
- There are three economic measures of success: employment, income
and poverty
- Different areas can be measured by looking at the reductions in
inequalities between and within areas.
- If people’s incomes have risen following a regeneration scheme it
points to its success – however, if only certain groups have benefited
then this may be relative – issues like this spread across all three
measures
73
The Gorbals, South Glasgow
| Measuring ‘regeneration success’ case study 1
- By the 1950s, the original tenements built for Victorian industrial
workers had a reputation for poverty, overcrowding and poor public
amenities
- A major redevelopment programme replaced the tenements with high-
rise, concrete tower blocks such as the Hutcheson Estate – however
they were poorly constructed and fostered crime
- In the 1990s, an alternative strategy, the Crown street regeneration,
introduced varied designs, spacious flats and areas with employment
spaces
- This exceeded Glasgow’s average economic growth – closing the
inequality gap
- Unemployment fell by 31% between 2004 and 2012
- Those on welfare fell by 35%
74
How can improvements in the living environment be measured
- Regeneration will be most successful if it also leads to improvements in
the living environment as this in turn improves social and economic
security
- Improvements such as these can be monitored through reductions in
pollution levels and the number of abandoned and derelict
warehouses/land
75
Who are the players in urban regeneration
- National Governments and planners
- Local Councils
- Developers
- Local Businesses
- Local Communities
76
What are the viewpoints and roles of National Governments and planners in urban regeneration strategies
Viewpoints
- Reconciling different interests
- Longer term national goals take priority
Roles
- Planning permission
- Start nationally important developments
77
What are the viewpoints and roles of Local Councils in urban regeneration strategies
Viewpoints
- Have a duty to tackle economic, social and environmental inequality in
their communities
- Make local planning decisions
Roles
- small or local regeneration schemes
- soft regeneration
78
What are the viewpoints and roles of Developers in urban regeneration strategies
Viewpoints
-Economic – profit -
Roles
- Funding of schemes
79
What are the viewpoints and roles of Local Businesses in urban regeneration strategies
Viewpoints
- Views strongly differ – some support developments out of a projected
higher customer base – while some are threatened by development -
Lobby councillors
Roles
- Invest in schemes
80
What are the viewpoints and roles of Local Communities in urban regeneration strategies
Viewpoints
- Majority represented by a few willing to be able to give up their time
and be involved in local council or pressure group -
Roles
- Lobby councils
- Form pressure groups
81
Belfast City
| Future regeneration project ‘conflicts’ case study
- Plans in 2015 were released about regenerating Belfast to increase the
employment and residential population, manage the retail offer,
maximise tourism, create a green centre, connect the city and enhance
social impact and shared spaces
- The regeneration of Belfast City uses the following strategies
```
Plans for five Special Action areas
Enhancing city streets and security
Furthering regeneration schemes
Developing city transport systems
Developing plans for the digital and creative sectors
```
- An 18.77-million-pound City Centre Development Fund has been
established to begin the project
- The programme aims on integrating ideas from different key players
and keeping stakeholders from across the city at the heart of the
development strategies
- Future success depends on past decisions and plans being made now
- The changes taking place can be judged using economic, social,
demographic and environmental variables to predicts whether
regeneration projects will be successful and sustainable
- Stakeholders can involve local/national governments, local businesses
and residents and will have contrasting opinions on the success of
schemes
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What factors influence the Central Business District of an area to decline
- Rise in car ownership leads to increased personal mobility and the rise of leisure shopping.
- Planning policies can encourage urban expansion and provide development out of town.
- City councils, determining to attract new industry, inward investment, offer greenfield site for development.
- Companies find peripheral locations cheaper and nearer affluent customers
- Investors and businesses are attracted by peripheral sites which have good access, pleasant environments and often
lower costs.
-The cost of development and upkeep of CBD'd are high ( business rates ,rents and land costs)
83
Evaluate the success of Sydneys sport based regeneration scheme
Rebranding began 1992, games began 2000 and it wanted to become the 1st green olympics.
Sustainable development included: effective public transport system, affordable housing and rents, re-using brownfield sites, a mixture of employment opportunities and housing, local services for people (e.g medical services, shops,schools,), "greenery" features such as parks, adaptation of existing facilities, financially solvant and housing bulit on former industrial lans, gas works and land fill (brownfield site).
Achieved sustainability?
1) Use of green technology.
2) Recyled building materials used non toxic soil materials where possible.
3) Renwable energy and recycling.
4) Recyling sewage in Olympic park.
5) New rail link.
Positives of rebranding:
- £ 3 billion worth of investment after olympics,
- 6 Million additional tourists,
- Olympics helped to boost trade overseas,
- Wider multiplier effect,
- 6 billion spent on infrastructure,
- £2 billion worth of permanent sport facilities.
Negatives:
- Main aborigional suburb (Redfem) suffered an increase in police raids in the month before the games.
- There were protests in Bondi at the loss of access to the beach during construction of the Beach volleyball stadium.
- Local residents were exposed to toxic dust from the olympic games.
- Between 1995-2000 housing rates in the olympic area rose 7% above infilitration each year, affecting low income families the most.
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Regeneration failures in Newcastle
- In the west end the number of unemployed is 70% higher than the rest of newcastle.
- Suffering from urban and social deprivation (poor environment, poor social "services".
- 1960 regeneration started.
- 1980 enterprise scheme.
- 2000 expect 55 million from the new deal schme.
- 1/3 of the population has left, complaints from locals who's needs have been ignored.
- one of the most deprived areas in the UK.
85
Barcelona rebranding - culture led scheme
strategy:
- Focus on culture and education trying to improve the area socially.
- Maca museum, university of Barcelona, geography and history, philosy department.
- improved facilities
- affordable housing built old tennant knocked down.
- More sculptures.
- Sports and leisure complex for local people.
86
Leicester regeneration success in sustainability
- 1996 european suistainability award.
- Called itself Britains 1st environmental city.
- Main focus on energy efficiency schemes.
What' been done:
- Cut down waste, more is recycled.
- Replanting habitat.
- Top down strategy funded by local council
- Eco house ( encouraging locals to see what they could o with their house (e.g. allotments).
Main aims: Energy efficiency, tackling waste, tackling air pollution.
87
Sheffield regeneration success in Sheffield
Uk's 5th largest city.
- Decline in steel industry lead to it's decline.
- 1988 cultural quarter started with a music studio.
- Now has 300 buildings around the city.
- Radio Sheffield.
How: Partnership approach
- Success or failure?:
- 300 million made.
- Music mine established 2001 22 around the country training up young people in music. Lots of community groups
operating there to enable the community to form a partnership. It's part of a youth music action zone. Been funded by
national lottery.
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Lake district - culture led scheme
The County suffered badly during 2001 from a foot and mouth outbreak causing visitor numbers to decline massively.
What has been done?
Focused on attracting people to the area because of its Cultural heritage. For example the 19th century writer William Wordsworth who published the book “ A Guide through the Lake District in 1810. The book was influential in popularising the region as Wordsworth’s favourite valley was Dunnerdale and many people wanted to visit the valley because of this.
•Attracting people from overseas through spending £35,000 on rebranding it’s image.
Focused on attracting more young people to the area through a variety of strategies. They established a young rangers club (sponsored by United Utilities). The national park aimed in attracting schools by setting up a volunteer programme for schools that has so far inspired 7,000 school children.
They created a Twitter and Facebook page to try connect with the younger generation. Through this they have provided up to date information about the lake districts events and activities for 1.3 million people.
Success?
- The area has become over dependant on tourism. This can seen as a bad thing as tourism in the area tends to be low paid seasonal work.
- Increase in tourists purchasing second homes in the lake district has caused increasing house prices in the lake district. Forcing many locals to have to move out of the lake district.
89
Rebranding in New Zealand
Enhance what's already their (e.g. landscape)
- 90% mentioned landscape.
- Element of films: producing films subsidised by New Zealand government and film makers.
- The new slogan is "the best supporting country".
- Lord of the rings tour.
- Air New Zealand: airline to middle earth.
However....
- Has boosted tourism to some extent, top down strategy has cost the government a lot of money to fund this.
Tourism provides 10% of population with jobs.
- 96% of GDP (economy) is from tourism).
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Rural Re branding: Lobb's farm diversification
- Lobb's farm shop making £30,000 from 800 acres.
- It's located in south Cornwall farm near Lost garden's of Heligan south Cornwall's second biggest tourist attraction.
Potential market of 463,000 workers.
- Shop's focus vegetables and meat produces on the farm, locally produced products e.g. Cornish wine.
- Created 14 new jobs more in summer include: 5 burners, 1 full-time and 6 part time shop assistants, 2 administrative
staff.
- Generated over £600,000 in additional sales in 3 years. However it is more than just a shop. It includes visitor centre in farming visitors about farming. Also showing tourists what happens on a farm, ways improving environmental quality on the farm attracting wildlife and planting.
91
Rural Re branding: Doncaster earth centre
Opened: 1999.
- Closed: 2004.
- Location: close to Doncaster built on 400 acre site of a former colliery.
- What?: A leisure, recreation, and educational park designed to showcase sustainable living.
- Cost: £60 million funded largely by the millenium lottery commission.
- Closure: Lack of visitors, the centres location was not great and transport access was poor and there was limited
interest in the overall idea.
92
What issues face Cornwall
Poorest county in the UK.
- Low wages (employ 25% people in tourism).
- seasonal jobs (depending on weather).
- Declining primary industries.
- Hard to attract visitors because of it's peripheral location (transport roughly 5/6 hrs).
- It's a long way from the core area (e.g. london...)
93
How else, other than the Eden Project, has Cornwall attracted visitors
Extreme sports.
The extreme sports academy at Watergate bay:
- Near newquay airport, targeting younger age group.
- Offers couses in surfing, wave skiing and kit e surfing.
- Owners also run the the watergate bay hotel.
- They're opened all year, employing 50-60 people year round in 2006, compared to 15-20 in 2003.
Using arts and culture
- Fowey annual Du Mauter festival in may
- Names after local author Daphine Du Maurter.
- It hosts authors, musicians and broadcasts for 11 days a week.
- Investment in Arts and culture in Cornwall has grown from the museum dedicated to sculpturess Barbara Hepworth in the 1970's, to the opening of Tate St Ives in 1993.
Stopping the brain drain by increasing courses and develop a knowledge economy.
- University college Falmouth and Exeter
- They joined forces to create the combined universities in Cornwall.
- CUC helps graduates set up businesses or secure jobs in knowledge- based companies in Cornwall, trying to cut the brain drain of graduates leaving Cornwall.
94
Regeneration conclusion
Regeneration is thus done to create a balance and eradicate social and economic inequalities. By regenerating an area, business opportunities arise which improve social facilities and overall quality of life and wellbeing.
95
Barton farm urban fringe regeneration
A greenfield development scheme that hopes to build 2000 homes in Winchester’s northern fringe has been met with heavy resistance – the change of use from farmland to a suburb of the city was contested for 15 years – more affluent people tended to support the anti-development protests – while low-paid professionals, including teachers and nurses unable to afford inflated house prices, supported the projects
96
‐Torr Quarry, Somerset
‐Operated by Aggregate Industries, employs 100+ people.
Contributes £15m to local economy.
‐Construction materials, especially for roads, mostly transported by rail to SE
‐being restored to create wildlife lakes for recreation and for water supply
‐200 acres have been landscaped to blend in, including planting grass
‐regular monitoring of noise, vibrations, dust and water quality
‐Rail transport minimises the impact on local roads and small villages
‐Plan to deepen (rather than extend out) to extend operations until 2040
97
List all 5 rural case studies
- Barton farm
- Cornwall e.g. Eden Project
- Lake district
- Doncaster earth centre
- Kielder Water and Forest Park
- Torr Quarry
