Regeneration Flashcards
(15 cards)
Salisbury
General stats:
Average house price = 365K
Employment rate = 78%
Stonehenge = 1.5m annual visitors
50k population
6% population growth from 2001-2021
92% white = low migration impact
Highest proportion of residents receiving mental health payments in Wiltshire = 3.1%
Historic cathedral city with military & tourism links
Residential sorting = The close (gated community)
Commuter villages = Anywhere around Salisbury
Regional and global influences which shape the area = Covid 19, Novichok 2018, flood risk
Novichok = £2.5m recovery package
Regeneration:
- Gov future high streets fund
- awarded £10m
- 3 objectives were = ensuring a great highstreet experience, tourist destination, bring young people into city
- 3 projects = railway station (£5m), Fisherton street (£3m), Heritage living (£1m)
- Railway = improvement of parking bus and coach, improve sense of arrival, improve function of the station
- Fisherton street = make main route from railway more welcoming and greater pedestrian focus
- Heritage living = repurposing empty units above shops for residential accommodation
River Side project
Is a collaboration between:
- the Environmental agency
- Wiltshire council
- Salisbury city council
- Swindon and Wiltshire local enterprise partnership
- Gov funded = £23.5 out of £35 million
- Opposition = funds from local taxpayers
- Success can be measured through a reduction in flooding and improved visitor arrival experience
- 350 home and 100 businesses protected
Eden Project
- Government funding
- brownfield site - built on former clay pit, which shut as a result of the global shift in industry
- opened in 2001 - 1.5 million visitors in first year
- £600m in first 3 years from tourism
- June 2021 hosted G7 Summit - global significance
- Contributed £2bn to local economy since launch
- Indoor attraction so open all year
- Created 450 jobs and supports local services = reduce unemployment by 6%
- Worth £10 million a year to the county
However
- produces both traffic and noise pollution from 3500 cars
- congestion increases journey time by 30min
- Low revisit value = creates a high deficit
Rust Belt
- Michigan USA
- Steel and factory
- 50% population drop - led to brain drain (young people needing work)
- Poverty rates 38% - high
- Industry collapse due to deindustrialisation in 1970/80s = spiral of decline, deprivation, sink estates, postcode lottery,
- led to crime and switched on to illegal ‘global flows’ in areas like Detroit and Baltimore
- Detroit affected = unemployment in 2019 was 8%
- Detroit lost 1.1m population since 1950
- House prices suffered from negative equity
- Broken windows scenario
- Low spending revenue for local government but increased spending due to claims on benefits
- Regen = subsidised by US government in 2014/15 worth $2.9bn - however could make areas over reliant on subsidies
- Low land prices = investment opportunities for large companies
Grimsby
- Function - change over time
- due to 3 Cod wars vs Iceland, the industry changed from fishing
- resulted in loss of jobs, limited supply of production, increased unemployment leading to negative multiplier effect
- By 2030 they aim for a vibrant town centre, green space, use of sea front/waterfront
- Aim to increase tourism and footfall
- £3.3million regeneration plan
Olympic Park
- 9bn cost
- Sport Led
- Located in Stratford East London
- 2012 Olympic Games - catalyst for regeneration/publicity
- provided accommodation for athletes, turned into 2800 flats for sale and rent
- 500 acre brownfield area cleaned = created the largest urban park in Europe Queen Elizabeth
- Suffered previously from deindustrialisation which caused deprivation
- 12,000 jobs created
- Led to railway improvements
- Main stadium converted to West Ham ground = increased FDI
Negatives:
- gentrification caused housing to not be affordable - helps wealthy outsiders
- 380 small businesses forced to relocate
- new jobs created often went to people from outside the area (not locals)
Glastonbury and Lyburn farm
Diversification
Glastonbury:
500 acres - “Worthy Farm”
changed from farming to festival
difference in opinion of success between locals
Lyburn farm:
diversification - tours, cheese shop locally produced - supply to high end restaurants and made from milk produced by their cows, grow pumpkins
Exeter = Contrasting place case study
11% population increase from 2011-2021 = 130k
10% non white - high international migrant impact
Students = multifaceted impact
Relies on 30k uni students for spending and job creation = however, student housing can drive prices
Studentification = loss of amenity value, change in character, noise and litter pollution
Several wards, including Wonford and Newtown, are among the top 30% most deprived nationally = 20k population living there
Regeneration:
- revitalise the CBD without any detriment to the historical heart of Exeter (the cathedral) and the existing High Street shops.
Regeneration was needed due to the outdated city centre
In Princess Hayes
£225 million
between 2005 and 2007.
the first pedestrian-only shopping street in the UK.
50 new shops, restaurants and cafes
In excess of 100 flats and apartments
Public informed in a newsletter
The players involved:
New Homes Bonus company
Exeter city council
Chapman Taylor = architects
It was a success as it created 1200 jobs and brought in 10 million a year in footfall
Cornwall
Declining rural community
Relies on seasonal tourism
Lack of affordable housing due to second home rate
Government/top down developments
Pump priming - injecting funds with the plan to encourage outside investment, including FDI
The expansion and upgrade of Heathrow Airport - 4th busiest in world
cost = £20 billion, which would be privately funded
Building a third runway to increase flight capacity by 260,000 flights per year
Terminals 1 and 3 would be demolished, and terminals 2 and 5 would be expanded over 30 years
Business leaders are in favour of the expansion, which could boost the wider economy by £61 billion and create an additional 77,000 jobs
Local residents and environmental NGOs oppose the project as 700 homes will be demolished + many under flight path
3-4m tonnes of pollution will increase with the extra flights = London using a greater share of the UK’s carbon budget
- increase polarisation of N S divide
- Devaluation of property
Policies affecting regeneration
Conservation areas = National park can restrict developments
Governments have national ambitions placed above local ambitions = fracking can damage locals but provide economic growth nationally - Liz Truss’ lifted the moratorium ban on fracking in 2022
Open door immigration = creates demand for housing
Deregulation = in 2016 40,000 houses used as offshore tax havens and not being used to live in
Second homes and holiday homes = less housing market for local people
Enterprise zones
Established in 2012
Areas of reduced taxes to encourage firms to locate
Attracted over $2.4bn of private sector investment
24,000 jobs created
Rural regeneration = Giants Causeway
Giants Causeway:
Northern Ireland
designated a World Heritage Site in 1986 because of its unique geology and striking landscape
Attracts over 1 million tourists per year
A fire destroyed the old visitor centre in 2000
New Visitor centre in 2012
Provides 75 full-time jobs
Challenges for local communities:
Overtourism
The money spent on parking etc goes to the National Trust, not the local community
Community access to the site is now limited by the National Trust, despite having had access to it for thousands of year
65% of the community were not involved in the tourist industry, so make little monetary gain or contribute to tourism development
Criteria of success for different stakeholders
National Trust - increased visitor numbers, increased revenue
Moyle District Council - more employment, higher tax revenues
Local community - less disruption due to tourist numbers
Local businesses - more customers, more profit
Conflict created via proposed golf course at Runkerry = 500 metres away from the Giant’s Causeway - led to objections from the National Trust + UNESCO
Due to strong opposition and inadequate finances, the golf course did not go ahead despite the 360 jobs it would create
Urban rebranding
Birmingham – Peaky Blinders
Notting Hill – following the film and Paddington!!
5 differences between Salisbury and Exeter
Function = S - tourism, E - Student
Size/population - S - smaller 50k, E larger 130k
Political = S - conservative, E Labour
60% in Exeter voted - decrease from 2019 (8%)
70% in Salisbury voted - decrease from 2019 (3%)
Deprivation = S - Friary and Bremerton heath, E - Wonford and Newtown 30% most deprived in uk (20k population 15%)
Economic = S - 35k salary, 2% unemployed, E - 36k, 2.6% unemployment
Exeter incomes range from - 20-70k
Salisbury incomes range from - 25-60k
Measuring success
Social - IMD - complex - weightings
Economic
Environmental
Absolute - everyone
Relative - some people
Conflicts due to politicians directing regen to wealthier groups as low income as less likely to vote
Rural regeneration - refer to Egan’s wheel
Employment type - Clarke fisher model
Spatial = regional, national influence
Temporal = short term, long term
Perceptions of people and inequalities - lived experience (9m unregistered voters in the UK)
Cumulative causation
High priority = sink estates, declining rural communities
Low priority = gated communities, commuter villages
Government actions may prioritise national needs over local needs, which can delay regeneration projects and widen regional inequalities - grants for fracking, planning for housing (1m new houses needed), Liz trust lifted the moratorium ban on fracking
