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Biochemistry > regulation and integration of metabolism > Flashcards

regulation and integration of metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

direct signaling for nervous system control of organ function

A

autonomic nervous system

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2
Q

indirect signaling for nervous system control of organ function

A

neuroendocrine

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3
Q

hypothalamus direct control

A

autonomic: innervation of pre-ganglionic neurons

both sympathetic and parasympathetic

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4
Q

hypothalamus indirect control

A

hormonal: release of pituitary and adrenal cortex hormones

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5
Q

what are the three parts of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic
parasympathetic
enteric nervous system

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6
Q

neurotransmitter of parasympathtic

A

both pre and post ganglionic use acetylcholine

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7
Q

neurotransmitter of sympathetic

A

pre uses acetylcholine

post use norepinephrine

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8
Q

autonomic control of cardiac function

A

carotid body detects O2/CO2 composition (chemoreceptors) CNIX
baroreceptors in heart detect blood pressure
CNX

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9
Q

the enteric nervous system characteristics

A

mesh of neurons in the gut
both parasympathetic and sympathetic
can function independently of the CNS

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10
Q

the neuroendocrine system the key players

A

hypothalamus
pituitary
adrenal glands
**diffuse, system wide endocrine signaling

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11
Q

anterior pituitary uses what type of system

A

portal system

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12
Q

the substances released from the hypothalamus are called what?

A

releasing factor

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13
Q

the substances released from the pituitary are called what?

A

tropins

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14
Q

under stress what hormone does the hypothalamus release?

A

corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

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15
Q

under stress what hormones does the ant. pit. release

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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16
Q

under stress what hormone is released from adrenal cortex?

A

cortisol

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17
Q

what nervous system is directly connected to the adrenal glands?

A

sympathetics

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18
Q

what is an example of an eicosanoid?

A

PGE2, from arachidonate acid

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19
Q

what is an example of a peptide hormone

A

insulin, glucagon

20
Q

catecholamine examples

A

epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin

21
Q

what things does the liver do

A 
blood sugar
carbohydrate storage
amino acid content
lipid formation and mobilization
first pass metabolism
22
Q

what things does the pancreas do

A

insulin release
glucagon
small intestine buffering
protease release

23
Q

glucose-6-phosphate fate in liver

A

glycolysis to pyruvate to CAC
made into glucose and released into blood via glucose-6-phosphatase in ER
enter pentose phosphate pathway ->NADPH

24
Q

when pyruvate is enters the matrix of mitochondria what can happen?

A

enter CAC

fatty acid synthesis

25
Q

what is the cori cycle

A

under demanding activity

glycogen->lactate->blood lactate->enters liver->made into glucose->released into blood as blood glucose

26
Q

why is NADPH important?

A

fatty acid synthesis

free radical degredation

27
Q

how do AAs get into the liver

A

from the blood as glutamate or glutamine or alanine

28
Q

once glutamine is in the liver what happens

A

enters the urea cycle which forms urea (two amine groups)

29
Q

how does alanine get into the liver

A

pyruvate from muscle is converted into alanine by taking the amine group from glutamate

  • travels in the blood to the liver
  • once in the liver alanine donates the amine group to alpha ketogluterate and makes glutamate and pyruvate
  • pyruvate is then converted to glucose and released into the blood
  • *glutamate is not used to transfer amine groups because it takes carbon backbones from the CAC
30
Q

once AAs are in the liver what happens to them?

A

protein syn
fatty acid syn
glycolysis
CAC

31
Q

fatty acid liver metabolism

how do they get there?

A 
diet (chylomicrons)
adipose tissue(albumin)
32
Q

once in the liver what happens to FAs

A 
beta oxidation (makes NADH)
liver lipids
cholesterol formation (acetyl CoA) only in liver
 ketone bodies (acetyl CoA) no glycerol
33
Q

when adipose tissue reaches its capacity it releases what hormone?

A

leptin

34
Q

what does leptin do?

A

goes to hypothalamus to eat less and metabolize more

35
Q

what does ghrelin go?

A

tells you to eat more and metabolize less

36
Q

what do insulin and satiety signals do?

A

tells you to eat less and metabolize more by turning off the ghrelin pathway

37
Q

does leptin inhibit/activate fat synthesis and does it inhibit/activate beta oxidation?

A

inhibit

activate

38
Q

when glucose is high it enters GLUT2 channels in cells and in particular beta cells and inhibits potassium from leaking out by inhibiting ATP-gated K channels. this leads to what?

A
  • depolarization of the membrane and calcium voltage gated channel to open
  • this causes the release of insulin granules
  • as glucose decreases this stops due to less glucose and ATP in the beta cells
39
Q

alpha cells are inhibited by what?

A

insulin, GABA and somatostatin

40
Q

T/F glucagon is constitutively released at low glucose levels

A

true

41
Q

fates of glucose in a well fed state

A

insulin release
glycogen formation
glycolysis which leads to triglycerides and taken to adipose tissue via VLDL

42
Q

fates of glucose in fasting state

A

glucagon release
glycogenolysis ->glucose-6-phosphate
protein metabolism->AA->pyruvate->gluconeogen.
fatty acid metabolism->ketone bodies->brain

43
Q

what are ketone bodies important for?

A

maintaining neurological function during a fasting state

44
Q

starving state

A

-body breaks down muscle which releases AAs
increased production of urea
-fatty acid release->beta oxidation->acetyl-CoA->ketone bodies or glucose via gluconeogenesis

45
Q

what are the ketone bodies that are formed?

A

acetone-toxic
beta-hydroxybutyrate -main source of energy
acetoacetate

Biochemistry (14 decks)

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