regulation and integration of metabolism

Question 1

direct signaling for nervous system control of organ function

Answer 1

autonomic nervous system

Question 2

indirect signaling for nervous system control of organ function

Answer 2

neuroendocrine

Question 3

hypothalamus direct control

Answer 3

autonomic: innervation of pre-ganglionic neurons

both sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 4

hypothalamus indirect control

Answer 4

hormonal: release of pituitary and adrenal cortex hormones

Question 5

what are the three parts of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 5

sympathetic
parasympathetic
enteric nervous system

Question 6

neurotransmitter of parasympathtic

Answer 6

both pre and post ganglionic use acetylcholine

Question 7

neurotransmitter of sympathetic

Answer 7

pre uses acetylcholine

post use norepinephrine

Question 8

autonomic control of cardiac function

Answer 8

carotid body detects O2/CO2 composition (chemoreceptors) CNIX
baroreceptors in heart detect blood pressure
CNX

Question 9

the enteric nervous system characteristics

Answer 9

mesh of neurons in the gut
both parasympathetic and sympathetic
can function independently of the CNS

Question 10

the neuroendocrine system the key players

Answer 10

hypothalamus
pituitary
adrenal glands
**diffuse, system wide endocrine signaling

Question 11

anterior pituitary uses what type of system

Answer 11

portal system

Question 12

the substances released from the hypothalamus are called what?

Answer 12

releasing factor

Question 13

the substances released from the pituitary are called what?

Answer 13

tropins

Question 14

under stress what hormone does the hypothalamus release?

Answer 14

corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

Question 15

under stress what hormones does the ant. pit. release

Answer 15

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 16

under stress what hormone is released from adrenal cortex?

Answer 16

cortisol

Question 17

what nervous system is directly connected to the adrenal glands?

Answer 17

sympathetics

Question 18

what is an example of an eicosanoid?

Answer 18

PGE2, from arachidonate acid

Question 19

what is an example of a peptide hormone

Answer 19

insulin, glucagon

Question 20

catecholamine examples

Answer 20

epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin

Question 21

what things does the liver do

Answer 21

blood sugar
carbohydrate storage
amino acid content
lipid formation and mobilization
first pass metabolism

Question 22

what things does the pancreas do

Answer 22

insulin release
glucagon
small intestine buffering
protease release

Question 23

glucose-6-phosphate fate in liver

Answer 23

glycolysis to pyruvate to CAC
made into glucose and released into blood via glucose-6-phosphatase in ER
enter pentose phosphate pathway ->NADPH

Question 24

when pyruvate is enters the matrix of mitochondria what can happen?

Answer 24

enter CAC

fatty acid synthesis

Question 25

what is the cori cycle

Answer 25

under demanding activity | glycogen->lactate->blood lactate->enters liver->made into glucose->released into blood as blood glucose

Question 26

why is NADPH important?

Answer 26

fatty acid synthesis | free radical degredation

Question 27

how do AAs get into the liver

Answer 27

from the blood as glutamate or glutamine or alanine

Question 28

once glutamine is in the liver what happens

Answer 28

enters the urea cycle which forms urea (two amine groups)

Question 29

how does alanine get into the liver

Answer 29

pyruvate from muscle is converted into alanine by taking the amine group from glutamate - travels in the blood to the liver - once in the liver alanine donates the amine group to alpha ketogluterate and makes glutamate and pyruvate - pyruvate is then converted to glucose and released into the blood * *glutamate is not used to transfer amine groups because it takes carbon backbones from the CAC

Question 30

once AAs are in the liver what happens to them?

Answer 30

protein syn fatty acid syn glycolysis CAC

Question 31

fatty acid liver metabolism | how do they get there?

Answer 31

``` diet (chylomicrons) adipose tissue(albumin) ```

Question 32

once in the liver what happens to FAs

Answer 32

``` beta oxidation (makes NADH) liver lipids cholesterol formation (acetyl CoA) only in liver ketone bodies (acetyl CoA) no glycerol ```

Question 33

when adipose tissue reaches its capacity it releases what hormone?

Answer 33

leptin

Question 34

what does leptin do?

Answer 34

goes to hypothalamus to eat less and metabolize more

Question 35

what does ghrelin go?

Answer 35

tells you to eat more and metabolize less

Question 36

what do insulin and satiety signals do?

Answer 36

tells you to eat less and metabolize more by turning off the ghrelin pathway

Question 37

does leptin inhibit/activate fat synthesis and does it inhibit/activate beta oxidation?

Answer 37

inhibit | activate

Question 38

when glucose is high it enters GLUT2 channels in cells and in particular beta cells and inhibits potassium from leaking out by inhibiting ATP-gated K channels. this leads to what?

Answer 38

- depolarization of the membrane and calcium voltage gated channel to open - this causes the release of insulin granules - as glucose decreases this stops due to less glucose and ATP in the beta cells

Question 39

alpha cells are inhibited by what?

Answer 39

insulin, GABA and somatostatin

Question 40

T/F glucagon is constitutively released at low glucose levels

Answer 40

true

Question 41

fates of glucose in a well fed state

Answer 41

insulin release glycogen formation glycolysis which leads to triglycerides and taken to adipose tissue via VLDL

Question 42

fates of glucose in fasting state

Answer 42

glucagon release glycogenolysis ->glucose-6-phosphate protein metabolism->AA->pyruvate->gluconeogen. fatty acid metabolism->ketone bodies->brain

Question 43

what are ketone bodies important for?

Answer 43

maintaining neurological function during a fasting state

Question 44

starving state

Answer 44

-body breaks down muscle which releases AAs increased production of urea -fatty acid release->beta oxidation->acetyl-CoA->ketone bodies or glucose via gluconeogenesis

Question 45

what are the ketone bodies that are formed?

Answer 45

acetone-toxic beta-hydroxybutyrate -main source of energy acetoacetate