vitamins

Question 1

what are vitamins

Answer 1

organic molecules essential to human metabolic and cellular function that cannot be produced within the body and must be obtained through external sources, often the diet

Question 2

what are the fat soluble vitamins

Answer 2

A, D, E, K

Question 3

what are the water soluble vitamins

Answer 3

B1, B2, B3,B5,B6, B7, B9, B12, C

Question 4

what fat soluble vitamins have reported toxicity?

Answer 4

A and D

Question 5

what water soluble vitamins have reported toxicity?

Answer 5

B3, B6, C

Question 6

fat soluble vitamins characteristics

Answer 6

fatty acyl chains
ingested as esters
require cholesterol esterase for uptake
integrated into micelles and chylomicrons

Question 7

water soluble characteristics

Answer 7

acute use
urinary excretion
little toxicity
B12 is stored for long periods
absorbed by Na contransporters
-except B9 and B12

Question 8

Vitamin A

Answer 8

retinol, carotenoids

Question 9

Vitamin B1

Answer 9

thiamine

Question 10

Vitamin B2

Answer 10

riboflavin

Question 11

Vitamin B3

Answer 11

niacin

Question 12

Vitamin B5

Answer 12

pantothenic acid

Question 13

Vitamin B6

Answer 13

pyridoxine

Question 14

Vitamin B7

Answer 14

biotin

Question 15

Vitamin B9

Answer 15

folic acid

Question 16

Vitamin B12

Answer 16

cyanocobalamin

Question 17

Vitamin C

Answer 17

ascorbic acid

Question 18

Vitamin D

Answer 18

cholecalciferol

Question 19

Vitamin E

Answer 19

tocopherols

Question 20

Vitamin K

Answer 20

phylloquinone

Question 21

Vitamin A disease or clinically relevant note

retinol

Answer 21

night blindness, dry skin

high doses to treat acne; teratogen when in doses greater than 3mg/d while pregnant

Question 22

vitamin A is necessary for what?

Answer 22

vision

Question 23

vitamin B1 disease and clinical notes

thiamine

Answer 23

Beriberi-neuronal wasting and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome-phycosis, severe short term memory loss, disorientation, confabulation
-chronic alcoholism and diabetes are associated with poor thiamine status

Question 24

vitamin B1 thiamin is essential for what metabolic reason?

Answer 24

coenzyme for pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

TPP

Question 25

Vitamin B2 riboflavin disease and clinical notes

Answer 25

- thyroid problems, edema of mouth and throat, hair loss, repro issues - no real clinical note

Question 26

Vitamin B2 riboflavin is needed for what in metabolism?

Answer 26

FAD in the CAC and complex II of ETC

Question 27

Vitamin B3 niacin disease

Answer 27

causes pellagra: dermatitis, diarrhea, inflamed mucus and delusions

Question 28

Vitamin B3 niacin is necessary for what in metabolism?

Answer 28

NAD+

Question 29

Vitamin B5 pantothenic acid need in metabolism

Answer 29

major component of Coenzyme A synthesis

Question 30

vitamin B6 pyridoxine diseases and clinical note

Answer 30

EEG abnormalities, depression and confusion, impaired immune - may improve cognitive performance, has been shown to aide with morning sickness - overdose alters neuronal conductivity

Question 31

Vitamin B6 pyridoxine need in metabolism

Answer 31

forms PLP and PMP which function as coenzyme in transamination and single carbon transfer in AA metabolism

Question 32

Vitamin B7 biotin deficiency symptoms

Answer 32

hallucinations, depression, and parethesia, anorexia, nausea, scaling around eyes, nose and mouth

Question 33

vitamin B7 metabolic need

Answer 33

functions as cofactor for fatty acid syn and AA catabolism | acetyl-CoA carboxylase- makes acetyl CoA->malonyl CoA

Question 34

Vitamin B9 folate or folic acid disease and clinical note

Answer 34

deficiency during pregnancy can lead to neural tube defects at birth, also megaloblastic anemia -deficiency associated with poor diet, alcoholism, and malabsorptive disorders

Question 35

daily intake dose for vitamin B9

Answer 35

400mcg/day, 600mcg/day if pregnant | do not take more than 1mg/day

Question 36

vitamin B9 metabolic need

Answer 36

essential for AA metabolism | essential for methionine production

Question 37

Vitamin B12 cobalamins clinical note

Answer 37

megaloblastic anemia associated with B12 deficiency and be mask by B9 without correcting neurological deficits leading to persistent nerve damage. thus taking more than 1mg of B9 is not recommended

Question 38

Vitamin B12 metabolic need

Answer 38

functions as a cofactor in methionine synthesis and fatty acid synthesis.

Question 39

vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms

Answer 39

depression, confusion, dementia, poor memory and irreversible nerve damage

Question 40

Vitamin C disease and clinical note

Answer 40

scurvy toxic due to oxalic crystal formation which leads to gout and renal failure -often taken to treat common cold, does not reduce risk of getting cold but can reduce duration by 8%

Question 41

Vitamin D cholecalciferol diseases

Answer 41

- rickets-bone softness and deformation due to improper internalization - osteomalacia: bone weakness, bone pain, and muscle weakness

Question 42

Vitamin E tocopherol diseases

Answer 42

``` function as antioxidant and protect against LDL -disease: peripheral neuropathy, ataxia, skeletal myopahty, retinopathy, impaired immune response ```

Question 43

vitamin K phylloquinone disease and clinical note

Answer 43

bleeding and hemorrhaging, reduced bone mineralization and osteoperosis note: if given with anticoagulants, it can be deplete vitamin K dependent clotting factors