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Flashcards in Regulation of Gene Expression Deck (16)
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1
Q

double minutes

A

forms during gene amplification as regions of a chromosome undergo repeated cycles of DNA replication

small unstable chromosomes that lead to amplification of genes involved

2
Q

transcription regulation by steroid receptors

A

hormone response elements bind the hormone receptor to affect transcription

3
Q

constitutively activated

A

describes genes that are regulated solely by DNA consensus elements in the promoter region

4
Q

extracellular signal transcription activation

A

protein recetprs such as G-proteins

5
Q

activation of a cytoplasmic transcription factor

A

transcription factor kept out of the nucleus when inactivated

6
Q

TATA-binding protein0associated factors (TAFs)

A

tissue specific and gene family specific activators or repressors of transcription

do not bind DNA, often histone acetylases or deacetylases

7
Q

four types of alternative splicing

A

exon skipping, mutually exclusive exons, alternative 5’ donor or 3’ acceptor sites, intron retention

8
Q

cryptic splice sites

A

can arise from mutations, creating frameshift mutations, premature truncations, insertions, or deletions

9
Q

alternate polyadenylation sites selection

A

having an earlier polyA site or changing the length of the 3’UTR can truncate genes or change the regulation of genes

10
Q

regulation through RNA export

A

transport factors help export mRNA, these factors are limiting and are recycled once the RNA has been exported

transcription stops if these packaging proteins run low

11
Q

long non-coding RNAs

A

look like mRNA but do not have open reading frames due to high frequency of stop codons

may bind to mRNA to regulate processing or stability, some lncRNAs regulate chromatin structure

12
Q

internal ribosome entry site

A

sequences form secondary structure in the mRNA that allows translation to initiate internally in an mRNA in a cap-independent mechanism

involves eIf4G/4A complex

13
Q

regulation of globin mRNA translation by heme

A

in RBCs, high heme activates globin translation and low heme represses globin translation

14
Q

iron-response element binding protein (IRE-BP)

A

binds to the iron response element (IRE), which is a hairpin loop on both transferrin and ferritin proteins

when iron is high IRE-BP is inactivated and ferritin is translated

when iron is low IRE-BP is activated and transferrin is translated

15
Q

exosome complex

A

the nuclease complex that degrades mRNA and non-coding RNAs

16
Q

regulation of histon mRNA stability by DNA replication

A

replication increases stability of the histone