Relational Influences

Question 1

Conflict

Answer 1

Is a perception that 2 parties, whether individuals or groups believe that they have incompatible goals, ideas or behaviours.

Question 2

Two Impacts of Conflict

Answer 2

• Socially destructive

- Mirror image perception

Question 3

Mirror Image Perception

Answer 3

refer to the reciprocal views of one another often held by parties in conflict; for example, each may view itself as moral and peace-loving and the other as evil and aggressive —>

• incompetence/untrustworthy/immoral
• competent/integrity/high moral value

Question 4

Solutions to Resolve Conflict

Answer 4

• Imposed
• Distributive
• Integrative

Question 5

Imposed Solution

Answer 5

are dictated solutions by third party e.g a parent settles a dispute

Question 6

Distributive Solution

Answer 6

Compromise: A lose lose solution where neither party gets exactly what they want but they come to a compromise e.g industrial disputes where wages are set/

Question 7

Integrative Solutions

Answer 7

win/win both sides benefits (difficult) as to be some communication

Question 8

Techniques to resolve conflict?

Answer 8

• counselling
• negotiation
• mediation

Question 9

Counselling

Answer 9

usually when conflict arises in the family (counsellors will try to help client solve their own problem). Act as 3rd party

Question 10

Negotiation

Answer 10

parties have some shared interests but also some opposed interests (talk to each other to reach an agreement) e.g countries trying to reach a trade agreement)

Question 11

Mediation

Answer 11

Bringing in a 3rd pretty to enable the conflict to be settled, helps parties to reach voluntary solution. Can be distributive or integrative.

• identify each needs/goals
• facilitate discussion
• help each other understand

Question 12

Socialisation

Answer 12

the process by which we learn to become members of society, both by internalising (learn/accept) the norms and values of society and also by learning to perform our social roles

Question 13

Agents of Socialisation

Answer 13

• Family
• School
• Peer group
• Media
• Religion

Question 14

Socialisation within Families

Answer 14

parents are an important part of our socialisation process as when we are born they become our primary caregivers; more contact with them then any other adult in early years.

Question 15

Socialisation within Families Study

Answer 15

Melvin Kohn (1965, 1977) reasoned that working-class parents tend to hold factory/ little autonomy jobs and thus emphasise obedience and respect for authority even favouring spanking. Middle-class parents tend to hold white-collar jobs where autonomy and independent judgment and creativity is valued hence these parents emphasise independence and less likely to spank.

Question 16

Attachment

Answer 16

Is a deep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another across time and space. Does not have to be reciprocated.

Question 17

3 Theories of Attachment

Answer 17

Harlow (Monkeys)
John Bowlby (Evolutionary model)
Mary Ainsworth (Strange situation)

Question 18

Harlows Study Aim + Outcome

Answer 18

To determine the importance of a caregiver’s love for healthy childhood development. Theorised: contact comfort

Question 19

Contact Comfort

Answer 19

he reinforcement that drives attachment

Question 20

Harlows Method + Variables

Answer 20

Observational (time spent with Mother)
8 rhesus monkeys were removed from their mothers after birth The monkeys were raised by ‘surrogate’ mothers, one made of terrycloth (provided warmth/comfort) but did not provide food while the other mother was made of wire (provided food) but no comfort.
IV=whether or not the terrycloth surrogate had the bottle or the wire surrogate
DV=amount of time monkey spent with surrogate

Question 21

Harlows Findings

Answer 21

Monkeys spent most of their time on the terrycloth mother who provided warmth and comfort. Attachment is not just based on having physical needs met but is based on having emotional needs met (contact comfort).

Question 22

Bowlby’s Theory of Attachment

Answer 22

Children come into the world biologically pre-programmed to form attachments with others, because this will help them to survive
Attachment behaviours are instinctive and will be activated by any conditions that seem to threaten the achievement of proximity, such as separation, insecurity, and fear.

Question 23

4 Points of Attachment Theory

Answer 23

• A child has an innate need to attach to one main attachment figure (ie maternal attachment to Mother)
• A child should receive the continuous care of this single most important attachment figure for approx the first 12 months of life (critical period)
• There are long term consequences of maternal deprivation
• Short term separation leads to Protest (cries/screams when parent leaves), Despair (withdrawn) and Detachment (engagement with others lost, reject caregiver) (PDD)
• The child’s relationship with their primary caregiver leads to the development of an internal working model

Question 24

Internal Working Model

Answer 24

Cognitive framework comprising mental representations for understanding the world, self, and others

• model of others as being trustworthy
• model of self as being valuable
• model of self as being effective in interactions with others

Question 25

Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis

Answer 25

is that continual disruption of the attachment between infant and primary caregiver in critical period could result in long-term cognitive, social, and emotional difficulties

Question 26

What are long term consequences of maternal deprivation?

Answer 26

- delinquency - reduced intelligence - increased aggression - depression - affection-less psychopathy

Question 27

Aim of Bowlby's 44 Thieves Study + Hypothesis

Answer 27

To investigate the long-term effects of maternal deprivation on people in order to see whether delinquents have suffered deprivation.  Believed disruption of this primary relationship could lead to a higher incidence of juvenile delinquency, emotional difficulties, and antisocial behaviour

Question 28

44 Thieves Study Method

Answer 28

88 children were selected, 44 of them thieves. IQs were tested assessing their emotional attitude to test (psychologists), and parents were interviewed (social workers). They made seperate reports. Psychiatrist then conducted an initial interview with child then parent.

Question 29

Findings of 44 Thieves Study?

Answer 29

More than half of thieves had been separated for more than 6 months in first 5 years. 32% showed psychopathy 86% of those psychopaths experienced long separation in first 5 years

Question 30

Conclusion of 44 Thieves Experiment

Answer 30

Maternal deprivation caused permanent emotional damage. Diagnosed this as Psychopathy, involving a lack of emotional development, a lack of concern for others, lack of guilt and inability to form meaningful and lasting relationships.

Question 31

Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation

Answer 31

- Observed infants reaction when separated from their parents and reunited again. - Three major types of attachment determined - devised Strange Situation Classification (SSC) (how attachment may vary)

Question 32

Method of Strange Situation

Answer 32

Set up in a small room with one way glass (behaviour overtly observed) and familiar items. Infants 12-18months and 100 samples. Observing the behaviour of the infant in a series of eight episodes lasting approximately 3 minutes each. Most interested in 2nd reunion with Mum (child under most stress).

Question 33

8 Episodes

Answer 33

``` Mother, baby, and experimenter (lasts less than one minute). Mother and baby alone. A stranger joins the mother and infant. Mother leaves baby and stranger alone. Mother returns and stranger leaves. Mother leaves; infant left completely alone. Stranger returns. Mother returns and stranger leaves. ```

Question 34

Strange Situation Classification (SSC)

Answer 34

``` Based on 4 interactive behaviours directed towards Mother in reunion. Proximity and contacting seeking Contact maintaining Avoidance of proximity and contact Resistance to contact and comforting ```

Question 35

Findings of Strange Situation

Answer 35

3 main attachment types A: avoidant, ignored Mother, independant, did not desire comfort = due to figure being insensitive/rejecting needs B: confident in caregiver, used as base = developed when giver is sensitive and responds to needs C: clingy but reject them when interacting, no feelings of security, difficult to soothe = inconsistent responses to needs

Question 36

Individualist Vs Collectivist

Answer 36

Value independence with each working to their own individual goals and value cooperation with each working towards the family or group goals

Question 37

Van Ljzendoorn & Kroonenberg (1988) Aim and Method

Answer 37

To investigate if attachment styles (secure and insecure) are universal (the same) across cultures, or culturally specific. Used data from 32 studies conducting strange situation in different countries. Calculated average percentage for the different attachment styles (e.g. secure, avoidant, resistant) in each country.

Question 38

Van Ljzendoorn & Kroonenberg Findings

Answer 38

Type B (secure) was most common. Individualistic countries had more type A (avoidant) and collectivist had more type C (resistant)

Question 39

3 Parenting Styles

Answer 39

- Authoritarian - Authoritative - Permissive

Question 40

Authoritarian Parenting

Answer 40

- strict rules (failure leads to punishment) - doesn't reason rules - high demands but not responsive - obedience/status orientated

Question 41

Authoritative Parenting

Answer 41

- established rules yet democratic - responsive and open to questions - nurturing and forgiving - assertive but not intrusive

Question 42

Permissive Parenting

Answer 42

- very few demands - rarely discipline/low demands - more responsive than demanding - allow self regulation/ lenient - generally nurturing and communicative