Cognition For Test 3 Flashcards
(45 cards)
Cognition
Psychological concepts and processes associated with memory and their relationship to behaviour. “higher” mental processes such as thinking, conceptualising, memory, reasoning etc
Memory
Structures and processes involved in the storage and subsequent retrieval of information. Means by which we draw on our past experiences to use this information in the present.
Multi Store Model (Atkinson and Shriffren) and LTM
- Proposed that memory consisted of three stores: a sensory register, STM and LTM.
- infinite, infinite, ”permanent” store of all knowledge/ mainly semantic but can be auditory and visual.
Two areas of LTM
- Procedural memory
- declarative memory
Procedural memory/ implicit
the way you do things unconsciously/ automatically; the “how to” of memory ie riding bike
Declarative memory/explicit + 2 types
- requires conscious effort, the “what of memory”
- Episodic: memory of your own set of autobiographical events/personal experiences
- Semantic: factual knowledge possessed about the outside world an encyclopaedia of memory.
What are the 3 R’s
Recall, Recognition and Relearning
Recall + 2 types
being able to access the information without being cued
1) Free recall: is memory without prompting ie types of atoms.
2) Cued recall: is when aided by relevant information, ie neutron electron and ___?
Recognition
involves identifying information after experiencing it again, e.g multiple choice questions
Relearning
involves relearning information that has been previously learned. Makes it easier to remember / recall info in the future and can improve the strength of our memories.
If not relearnt will make recall less free and automatic
Forgetting
a failure to access information that had previously been stored in memory
Retrieval Failure Theory + Cue dependant forgetting
forgetting occurs because of a failure to use the right, correct, or appropriate cues at a certain time. —> increased by rehearsal and cues.
Cue dependant forgetting “need cues to remember” —> actually in memory it just can’t be accessed.
Interference Theory
- When two pieces of info are similar it leads to a situation called “interference” causing us to forget the difference
- Old or new info produce confusion or competition and as a consequence blocks effective retrieval.
- Proactive and Retroactive
Proactive Interference
interference of old memories on the retrieval of new info
Retroactive Interference
new info interferes with the ability to remember old information
Motivated Forgetting
- self protection defence; strong desire to forget certain things because the memory is either too traumatic, disturbing, anxiety-provoking or upsetting
- Repression and Suppression
What is Repression
keeping distressing (or unpleasant) thoughts buried in the unconscious (un)
What is Suppression
deliberate effort to keep distressing thoughts out of conscious awareness (con)
Decay Theory
- Forgetting occurs because the memory trace (initially formed at learning) tends to gradually fade, or decay, over time
- Loss of info in SM and STM via displacement
Organic Theory
- Forgetting (amnesia or memory loss) occurs due to some brain damage
- damage to different areas leads to differing forms of memory loss
Learning
a relatively permanent change, often of behaviour, that occurs as a result of experience.
Conditioning
the association made by the learner between a stimulus and a response
Classical Conditioning
- stimulus-response theory
- is an association forming between two stimuli, (not normally associated with the response) such that the appearance of that stimulus alone results in the response behaviour.
Operant Conditioning
- changing of behaviour by the use of reinforcement which is given after the desired response
