What were Henry VIII’s Problems ?
- Wants money, to be a warrior king
- Wants a son, an heir to the throne
- Wants power, to control the church
What was the Reformation ?
- Movement that began in Europe at the start of the 16th century
- Took many years to complete
- Aimed to reform abuses of the Roman Catholic Church
What was the Reformation Parliament ?
- 7 sessions of parliament that met on and off
- Legislation which attacked clergy and established royal supremacy
What was the Break From Rome ?
- Technical and legal change in status of the English Church
- Removed power of the pope in England
- It did not lead to the end of Catholicism in the country
Who was Martin Luther ?
- German priest
- Leader of the Reformation
- Worried about the teachings of the corrupt catholic church
- Protested about corruptions and was banished
- led to the introduction of Protestantism
Who was Thomas Moore ?
- Lord chancellor
- Wouldn’t accept Henry as the head of the English church
- Was torcherd and still refused
- Put on trial and found guilty of treason
- Died for the love of his religion
- Was respected by a lot of people
Who was Bishop Fisher ?
- Was willing to die for christ
- Made a cardinal a few days before he died
- Refused to accept Henry as the head of the English church
Who was Archbishop Cranmer ?
- Becomes Archbishop of Canterbury
- Declares Henry’s marriage to Catherine to be void
- Helped translate the bible to English
- Carried out Henry’s marriage ceremony to Anne
- Secretly was married
What were the 7 Sacraments in Catholicism ?
- Baptism
- Confirmation
- Marriage
- Ordination
- Penance
- Anointing the Sick
- The Eucharist
What were beliefs of the Catholic Church ?
- The pope and his bishops can forgive sins, people can show they are sorry if they can gift the church
- Churches should be highly decorated to show God’s glory and power
- People need priests to help them find God
- Priests should wear special clothes to reflect their special link between God and Man
- Pope is the head of the church and was appointed by God
- Bible and church services should be in Latin
- If you don’t worship the right way you’ll go to hell
What were beliefs of the Protestant Church?
- Churches should be plain and simple, to bring them closer to God
- Ministers should wear simple robes
- Jesus is the head of the church
- People don’t need priests to help them find God
- Bible and services should be in English so people can understand
- If you don’t worship the right way you’ll go to hell
How was the Church Corrupted ?
- Pluralism= receiving profits of more than one post
- Simony= the purchase of church office
- Non-Residence= receiving profits of a post but not being present to perform the duties
What was Anticlericalism in the Church ?
- Opposition to the political and social importance of the clergy
- Lawyers challenged church law
- Objections to the legal privileges of the clergy
- Clerical Misconduct-Death of Richard Hunne
How was the Decline of Monasticism a weakness of the Church ?
- Operation of the religious houses was open to criticism
- Argued that monasticism lost its sense of direction
- Larger monasteries had become larger businesses with huge resources (land and buildings)
What was on Henry’s conscious that led to the break from Rome ?
- Growing obsession with the fact his marriage to Catherine was against god
- Based off Leviticus
What role did Anne Boleyn play in the break from Rome ?
- Tantalising presence at court gave Henry a greater desire to end his marriage
- Became smitten by Anne
- Fell in love with Anne and out of love with Catherine
What factors forced Henry to break from Rome ?
- Desire for a male heir
- Catherine’s miscarriages and stillbirths
- Henry’s conscious
- Love for Anne Boleyn
What factors were benefits that caused Henry to break from Rome ?
- Need to increase Revenue
- Desire for power
- Anne being pregnant
Where did Henry seek advice from regarding his divorce ?
- Seeked advice from universities
- These universités had Protestant sympathies
- Told him Henry could take things into his own hands
What was the Act of 10 Articles ?
- 7 sacraments of catholism rejected
- One of the sacraments was ambiguous
- Showed the Catholic and Lutheran influences on the development of the doctrine
What was the Bishops Book ?
- Restored the lost sacraments from the 10 articles
- But were given a lower status
- Shows Henry’s inability to make up his mind
What was the Act of 6 Articles ?
- Confirmed transubstantiation
- Reasserted Catholic doctrine
What was the Kings Book ?
- Revised the Bishops Book
- Written by Henry himself
- He defended transubstantiation
What were the Royal Injunctions ?
- Restriction of the number of Holy Days
- All churches to have an English Bible
- Had to abandon pilgrimages
- Had to give money for educational purposes
What stayed the same in the churches ?
- Little change to alter the interior of the churches
- Hierarchy of church was the same
- Services were still held in latin
What was the Act for the Advancement of True Religion ?
- Only allowed upper classes to read the bible
- Henry feared the wrong kind of people were reading the bible
What were spiritual reasons that caused the dissolution of the monasteries ?
- Monks were loyal to the pope in Rome
- The monasteries were catholic , wanted to remove any chance of returning back to Catholicism
- Some monasteries seen as having poor standards of behaviour
What were non spiritual reasons that caused the dissolution of the monasteries ?
- Nobles loyalty could be bought with land acquired from monasteries
- To finance Henry’s army
- Monasteries were outdated as the poor law provided support within villages
What was the Valour Ecclesiasticus of 1533 ?
- Survey set up by Cromwell
- To discover the wealth of the church
- Sent out hand picked inspectors to report on the state of the monasteries
- Used to justify the dissolution of monasteries
What was the First Act of Dissolution of the Monasteries ?
-Dissolved all monasteries worth under £200
What was the Second Act of Dissolution of the Monasteries ?
-Dissolved the remaining larger monasteries
How many monasteries were dissolved
563 monasteries were dissolved
What consequence did the DOM have on Monastic Buildings ?
- Henry charged with Cultural Vandalism as a result of destroying Gothic Church Buildings, loss of books and images
- Henry did invest some wealth into education
- New cathedral Grammar schools set up at Canterbury
- Christ Church, Oxford and Trinity College, Cambridge were established
- Half of monastic lands in Henrys possession
What consequence did the DOM have on Monks and Friars ?
- Found alternative paid employment within the church
- 6500/8000 moved on and were supplied pensions
- Significant minority left in hardships
What consequence did the DOM have on Nuns ?
- Were less well off
- 2000 nuns were not allowed to marry or become priests
What consequence did the DOM have on The Poor ?
- Monasteries had been a source of help for the poor
- Aggravated an already worsening problem
- Major cause of urban poverty
How did the DOM have an impact on profit ?
- Henry acquired wealth through the sale of monastic lands
- Profits used to finance wars
- By 1547, Henry made £800,000
How much money did Henry make a year from DOM ?
£140,000
What was the Short term Impact of the DOM ?
- Resentment, led to a major rebellion
- Land transferred to the crown, which was sold to gentry
- Education suffered= loss of monastic schools
- Monks and nuns unemployed
- Role of monasteries in communities was lost
What led to Anne Boleyn’s downfall ?
- Failed to give Henry a son
- Committed adultery with everyone in court but the milkman
- Incest with her brother
- Belief she was a witch
- Her family abandoned her to cling onto power
What were changes in religion throughout Henry’s reign ?
- Jurisdiction of pope was replaced by the king
- Monasteries were dissolved
- Parish bibles required to be in English
- Religious doctrine was influenced by protestantism
What were continuities in religion ?
- Hierarchy of church remained intact
- Little attempt to alter interior of the churches
- Services still held in latin
- Country and Henry still catholic despite break from Rome
How many religious houses did Wolsey dissolve ?
-Between 1524-29 he dissolved 30 religious houses to build colleges for Oxford
What was the Kings Great Matter ?
- Concerned the annulment of Henry’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon
- Problem with Wolsey getting the divorce
How did Wolsey try to get the divorce through Scriptural Arguments ?
- Tried to justify the divorce in the eyes of the catholic church
- Argued the marriage relied on Catherines word that her marriage to Arthur hadn’t been consummated
- If this wasn’t the case, Henry was misled and their marriage isn’t valid
- Based off Leviticas
- Henry became convinced that the lack of a male heir was god’s punishment
How did Wolsey try to get the divorce through Diplomatic manoeuvres ?
- Charles V in control of Italy
- Wolsey tried to free the pope from Charles V by using an alliance with France and the renewal of warfare in Italy to distract the emperor
- Policy FAILED-Charles was too strongly entrenched in Italy to be evicted by France
How does Wolsey try to get the divorce through Legal Efforts ?
- Held divorce hearings in England, where he would make the judgement as papal legate
- Cardinal Campeggio sent as the pope’s representative but delays the hearing
- Wolsey and Henry became impatient
- Court finally met
- Catherine refused and appealed to move the hearing to Rome
- Pope agrees to move hearing
What were the 4 main factors that led to Wolsey’s downfall ?
- Failure to secure Henry’s divorce to Catherine of Aragon
- Failure to achieve Henry’s foreign policy aims
- Boleyn family was hinting that Wolsey was delaying the divorce
- Reputation and personal ambitions got in the way
