Renal Flashcards
(78 cards)
1
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Foal, ruptured bladder, posturing to urinate with no progress
2
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- Incontinence
- Cystitis
- Blocked bladder
- Urine overflow
3
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Preputial swelling - ruptured urethra 2^y to urolithiasis
4
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Sediment exam - struvite crystals
5
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Sediment exam - bacteria
6
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Gross haematuria
7
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8
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9
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10
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Positive contrast cystogram - normal/male bladder, urethra, not clear, defined line, bit of rupture
11
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Ruptured bladder - e.g. post RTA
12
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13
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14
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Normal kidney US - definition between cortex + medulla
15
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16
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17
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Kidney US - doppler - renal blood flow, vasculature of mass, guided renal biopsy
18
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Normal urinary bladder
19
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Urinary bladder
20
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Urinary bladder
21
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Urinary bladder
22
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Urethrocystoscopy
23
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Bladder polyp
24
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Sediment: neutrophils - pyuria, inc count; bacteria - extracellularly in urine
25
Casts in urine
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Retrograde urohydropropulsion
29
Urine = hypoechoic area
30
31
Very large bladder stone in rabbit
32
Retrograde double contrast urethrogram
33
Calcium oxalate crystals
34
Uric acid crystals
35
Struvite crystals
36
Cystine crystals
37
'Sludgy bladder' = in rabbit, urine-scald, lost hair, hair left is matted, erythematous skin, could lead to fly strike
38
Bladder full of sludge, radiopaque bladder = CaCO3, 'sludgy bladder' in rabbit
39
LURT trauma - bladder wall tear
40
Transitional cell carcinoma - soft tissue opacity structure within bladder of dog
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48
Voiding urohydropulsion - general anaesthetic, use agitation and gravity to encourage
micturition and voiding of stones
49
Retrograde urohydropulsion - pushing uroliths back into bladder, using catheter and a lubricant/saline mixture, use finger to occlude pelvic urethra and create high pressure
around urolith, can then flush back into bladder
50
Lithotripsy - uroliths broken up into smaller fragments, allowing them to pass through urethra by laser
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52
- Negative contrast agent e.g. room air/CO2
- (Theoretical risk of embolism w/ room air, so CO2 used)
- = Pneumocystogram
- To identify bladder + highlight any radiodensities
- Can often be used w/ positive contrast in mixed studies
53
- Positive contrast
- Water soluble iodinated contrast e.g. 'Conray' or 'Omnipaque'
- Positive contrast cystogram
54
- Double contrast cystogram
- Use positive + negative contrast
- To investigate bladder wall thickness, bladder wall lesions, presence of urinary calculi
- US = alternative Dx
55
- Double contrast cystograms
- Negative (air/CO2) + positive (iodinated contrast) agents
- Filling deficits in positive contrast = arrow, indicative of calculi in bladder
- More detected easily w/ US
56
Renal medullary crest necrosis, arrows = yellow areas of necrosis, prolonged vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole ->dec in O2 in medullary areas -> ischaemia -> AKI due to NSAID toxicity
57
CKD - chronic interstitial nephritis, histo changes of tubular damage + interstitial inflammatory cells infiltrate(horse)
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CKD, cow, renal amyloidosis w/ inflammatory disease
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Chemosis - dog's eye due to systemic oedema = fluid overload (acute kidney injury)
60
Ectopic ureter
61
Kidney stones - pneumocystogram
62
Vesiculovaginal fistulae
63
Urethrocystoscopy
64
Intra-pelvic bladder - bladder very far back in pelvis
65
Bladder stone - echogenic line
66
UTI - urinary tract red + inflamed
67
Ca2O3 urolith (equine)
68
Trans-endoscopic lithotripsy - breaking down of calculus (urolithiasis)
69
Sabulous urolithiasis/sabulous cystitis
70
Patent urachus
71
Uroperitoneum
72
Urethral obstruction w/ large no. stones
73
Scrotal + ventral swellings - urolithiasis
74
Uroliths on hairs of prepuce
75
Uroliths on urethral process
76
Cat - attenuation of retinal vessels + retinal oedema, CS of chronic kindey disease
77
Cat - loss of corticomedullary definition, inc echogenicity, small w/ irregular outline of kidney (CKD)
78
Cat, kidney, hyperechoic medullary rim, characteristic for kidney injury
(+ Enlarged kidneys bilaterally, diffusely hyperechoic cortices, no peliv dilation)
