Renal Flashcards
Foal, ruptured bladder, posturing to urinate with no progress
- Incontinence
- Cystitis
- Blocked bladder
- Urine overflow
Preputial swelling - ruptured urethra 2^y to urolithiasis
Sediment exam - struvite crystals
Sediment exam - bacteria
Gross haematuria
Positive contrast cystogram - normal/male bladder, urethra, not clear, defined line, bit of rupture
Ruptured bladder - e.g. post RTA
Normal kidney US - definition between cortex + medulla
Kidney US - doppler - renal blood flow, vasculature of mass, guided renal biopsy
Normal urinary bladder
Urinary bladder
Urinary bladder
Urinary bladder
Urethrocystoscopy
Bladder polyp
Sediment: neutrophils - pyuria, inc count; bacteria - extracellularly in urine
Casts in urine
Retrograde urohydropropulsion
Urine = hypoechoic area
Very large bladder stone in rabbit
Retrograde double contrast urethrogram
Calcium oxalate crystals
Uric acid crystals
Struvite crystals
Cystine crystals
‘Sludgy bladder’ = in rabbit, urine-scald, lost hair, hair left is matted, erythematous skin, could lead to fly strike
Bladder full of sludge, radiopaque bladder = CaCO3, ‘sludgy bladder’ in rabbit
LURT trauma - bladder wall tear
Transitional cell carcinoma - soft tissue opacity structure within bladder of dog
Voiding urohydropulsion - general anaesthetic, use agitation and gravity to encourage
micturition and voiding of stones
Retrograde urohydropulsion - pushing uroliths back into bladder, using catheter and a lubricant/saline mixture, use finger to occlude pelvic urethra and create high pressure
around urolith, can then flush back into bladder
Lithotripsy - uroliths broken up into smaller fragments, allowing them to pass through urethra by laser
- Negative contrast agent e.g. room air/CO2
- (Theoretical risk of embolism w/ room air, so CO2 used)
- = Pneumocystogram
- To identify bladder + highlight any radiodensities
- Can often be used w/ positive contrast in mixed studies
- Positive contrast
- Water soluble iodinated contrast e.g. ‘Conray’ or ‘Omnipaque’
- Positive contrast cystogram
- Double contrast cystogram
- Use positive + negative contrast
- To investigate bladder wall thickness, bladder wall lesions, presence of urinary calculi
- US = alternative Dx
- Double contrast cystograms
- Negative (air/CO2) + positive (iodinated contrast) agents
- Filling deficits in positive contrast = arrow, indicative of calculi in bladder
- More detected easily w/ US
Renal medullary crest necrosis, arrows = yellow areas of necrosis, prolonged vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole ->dec in O2 in medullary areas -> ischaemia -> AKI due to NSAID toxicity
CKD - chronic interstitial nephritis, histo changes of tubular damage + interstitial inflammatory cells infiltrate(horse)
CKD, cow, renal amyloidosis w/ inflammatory disease
Chemosis - dog’s eye due to systemic oedema = fluid overload (acute kidney injury)
Ectopic ureter
Kidney stones - pneumocystogram
Vesiculovaginal fistulae
Urethrocystoscopy
Intra-pelvic bladder - bladder very far back in pelvis
Bladder stone - echogenic line
UTI - urinary tract red + inflamed
Ca2O3 urolith (equine)
Trans-endoscopic lithotripsy - breaking down of calculus (urolithiasis)
Sabulous urolithiasis/sabulous cystitis
Patent urachus
Uroperitoneum
Urethral obstruction w/ large no. stones
Scrotal + ventral swellings - urolithiasis
Uroliths on hairs of prepuce
Uroliths on urethral process
Cat - attenuation of retinal vessels + retinal oedema, CS of chronic kindey disease
Cat - loss of corticomedullary definition, inc echogenicity, small w/ irregular outline of kidney (CKD)
Cat, kidney, hyperechoic medullary rim, characteristic for kidney injury
(+ Enlarged kidneys bilaterally, diffusely hyperechoic cortices, no peliv dilation)
