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VMS3011 Veterinary Medicine 2 > Repro Therapeutics > Flashcards

Repro Therapeutics Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) (female)

A
  • Ovarian agenesis Dx (absence of oestrus) - test E2 levels to see if inc if ovarian tissue present
  • Induces oestrus; follicular cysts to induce ovulation
  • Dog
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2
Q

PMSG = pregnant mare serum gonadotropin

A
  • Absence of oestrus - requires daily admin of PMSG for 10d following injection of HCG (chorionic gonadotropin hormone)
  • Bitch should start cycling 7d after, inc FSH + LH -> oestrus
  • Induces oestrus
  • Dog
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3
Q

Cabergoline

A
  • Absence of oestrus, luteal ovarian cysts
  • Daily admin until day 2 after onset of PO
  • Off license but better results
  • Inhibits prolactin (maintains CL) -> short circuits oestrous cycle, gets bitch cycling again
  • Induces oestrus
  • Dog
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4
Q

Progesterone (P4)

A
  • Regression of follicular ovarian cysts (if for cows)
  • Better to just spay if companion animal
  • Dog
  • When don’t have follicle/CL present -> synchronisation, start of oestrous cycle
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5
Q

Prostaglandin (PGF2-alpha Dinoprost) (Lutalyse; Zoetius)

A
  • Regression of luteal ovarian cysts but takes longer than P4, causes luteolysis (doesn’t work on follicular cysts as no CL present)
  • Possible medical management for pyometra
  • Endometritis - induces natural oestrus, delivery of WBCs to uterus, against T. pyogenes/E. coli
  • Induction of parturition - what would be produced from placenta in parturition, can be used in combo w/ corticosteroids (150 - 270 days)
  • Causes uterine contractions
  • Interrupts CL + stops P4 production
  • Canine CL not as responsive as other species
  • Brachycephalic breeds susceptible to bronchospasm
  • Need to ensure not pregnant + cervix is open
  • Dog
  • Cattle - 5 - 100 days (+/- 100 - 150 days)
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6
Q

Vincristine

A
  • TVT - given 0.025 mg/kg IV once weekly
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7
Q

Osaterone, delmadinone acetate (tardak), finasteride, deslorelin

A
  • Off-licence in dogs to dec testosterone for BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia)
  • Deslorelin = suprelorin implant; castration implant, blocks production of FSH + LH, GnRH agonist, testicles shrink down in size, less testosterone
  • Dog
  • Ferret - hyperadrenocorticism (adrenal gland disease AGD)
  • Exotics, carnivores, female hoofstock, primates (males/females) - prevent ovulation + sperm production (suprelorin), can take 6 - 8 w to work in males, may last twice manufacturer recommendation (12 - 24 m)
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8
Q

Parecoxib, carprofen

A
  • NSAIDs - COX-2 inhibitors for prostatic neoplasia, adenocarcinoma most common
  • Maintaining QOL
  • Dog
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9
Q

Aglepristone (Alizin; Virbac)

A
  • Antiprogestagen (anti-progesterone)
  • Accidental matings + possible medical management for pyometra
  • Marked affinity for progesterone receptors in uterus -> blocks action of P4
  • Dilates + relaxes cervix; inc myometrial activity; inhibition of P4 suppression of leucocytes; interrupts CLs
  • Dog, hamster
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10
Q

Cabergoline (Galastop; Ceva)

A
  • Prolactin inhibitors - pyometra medical management + false pregnancies to inhibit milk let down
  • Inhibits support of CL by prolactin -> stops supporting P4 -> CL will regress, cervix will open + clear infection
  • Dog
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11
Q

Penethamate hydriodide

A
  • Systemic AB used for mastitis, only systemic AB that can cross blood-udder mem + high conc in udder
  • When more than one quarter is affected
  • Cattle
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12
Q

Penicillins, lincosamides, 1st + 2nd gen cephalosporins

A
  • Lactating cow tubes (LCT), intramammary AB - G+ bacteria for mastitis infections
  • Time-dependant + bactericidal
  • Cattle
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13
Q

Aminoglycosides, 3rd + 4th gen cephalosprins

A
  • Lactating cow tubes (LCT), intramammary AB - G- bacteria for mastitis infections
  • Time-dependant + bactericidal
  • Cattle
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14
Q

Flunixin meglumine

A
  • NSAID
  • Toxic mastitis in cattle; puerperal (toxic) metritis; clinical metritis; manual reduction of twin pregnancy in mare; uterine laceration; uterine prolapse
  • Binds to toxins
  • Cattle, horses
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15
Q

Intramammary cloxacillin

A
  • Only AB licensed in sheep for mastitis
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16
Q

Amoxicillin / doxytetracycline

A
  • Systemic AB
  • Calving injury - trauma to birth canal / neighbouring structures; uterine prolapse; metritis: puerperal (toxic) metritis, clinical metritis
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17
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • After parturition (large animals)
  • Contracts uterus + occludes small blood vv
  • Post-partum haemorrhage - promotes uterine involution; persistent mating-induced endometritis (PMIE); metritis; hypogalactia/agalactia
  • Uterine prolapse once replaced -> inc uterine tone / dystocia - post-calving for uterus involution
  • Retained foetal membranes (low dose IM hourly)
  • Milk letdown
  • Toxic mastitis - cleans udder, milk let-down
  • Maternal bonding
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18
Q

Metricure

A
  • Intrauterine cefapirin - baceteriogical cure AB
  • Chronic endometritis
  • Only intrauterine AB licensed in cattle
  • Esp when no CL present in ovary
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19
Q

Doxapram

A
  • NSAID
  • Calves + lambs
  • Stimulates respiration in neonates, dystocia
  • No longer available
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20
Q

Caudal epidural anaesthesia

A
  • Dystocia - prevention of abdominal contractions: to aid obstetrical manoeuvres; caesarean section; replacement of prolapsed uterus/vaginal prolapse, makes cow go down
  • Location - last moveable vertebral joint: cattle: Co1 to Co2, hinge bit where tail moves; sheep: S4 to Co1
  • LA (not licensed): procaine w/ adrenaline
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21
Q

Clenbuterol

A
  • AKA Planipart
  • Beta-2 receptor agonist = smooth muscle relaxant
  • Dystocia - relaxes uterus for prepping birth canal in heifers + opens up uterus, aid to obstetrical manoeuvres; caesarean section (can find incision made); replacement of prolapsed uterus; uterine torsion
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22
Q

Oxytocin / calcium

A
  • Uterotonics -> uterine contraction
  • Dystocia
  • Following Clenbuterol use - reverses effects
  • Control of post-partum haemorrhage
  • Management of uterine prolapse (after replacement)
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23
Q

Cloprostenol

A
  • AKA Estrumate
  • Synthetic analogue of PGF2-alpha
  • Induces luteolysis
  • Tx of pyometra; synchronisation of oestrous cycle
  • Oestrus in 2-5 d depending on follicle size, serve to natural heat
  • 2nd dose 10-11d later for fixed timed AI, ensures CL large enough
  • Cattle, horses, dogs
  • AE - can cause colic in mares due to smooth muscle contraction, don’t inject women -> abortion
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24
Q

Ovsynch (not crucial to remember for exams)

A
  • Day 0 = give GnRH, stimulates FSH + LH production -> ovulation of follicle (when have follicle present, give GnRH)
  • Day 7 = PGF2-alpha
  • Day 9 = GnRH to prime next ovulation
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25
P4 synch (not crucial to remember for exams)
- Day 0 = exo P4 w/ GnRH = stimulating ovulation * Endogenous P4 being produced -> ovulation -> CL formation * Two forms of P4 * 7 - 9 d (depends on type of cow) - PG, gets rid of any CL * Remove prid 1d later - luteolysis takes 24 hr, get slow drop of endo P4 ◦ 24h delay between jab + removal
26
P4 synch (not crucial to remember for exams)
- Day 0 = exo P4 w/ GnRH = stimulating ovulation - Endogenous P4 being produced -> ovulation -> CL formation - Two forms of P4 - 7 - 9 d (depends on type of cow) - PG, gets rid of any CL - Remove prid 1d later - luteolysis takes 24 hr, get slow drop of endo P4 ◦ 24h delay between jab + removal
27
Oestrous cycle synchronisation summary in cattle
- CL = PG - Follicle = GnRH - Want to synchronise/don't have anything = P4
28
GnRH
- When follicle/follicular cyst present - Induces LH surge, gets rid of cyst
29
Calcium
- Hypocalcaemia when dec muscle contractions, weak contractions - Dystocia
30
Melatonin implants
- Not used in UK for sheep - Sheep = seasonally polyoestrus, allows for lambing in December - Ferrets - suppresses GnRH release -> suppression of FSH + LH for hyperadrenocorticism
31
CIDR bolus
- P4 implants in comb w/ PMSG - Equivalent of prid/exogenous jab -> endo P4 - Exogenous P4 - If starting cycle earlier - Sheep
32
P4 + PMSG (pregnant mare serum gonadotropin)
- Induction and synchronisation of oestrus and ovulation - Anoestrus - Tighten lambing period
33
Leuprolide acetate (LUPRON)
- GnRH agonist - suppresses LH release through desensitisation - Hyperadrencorticism - Ferret
34
Chorulon
- Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) - Stimulates LH surge - induction of ovulation - Follicle 3.5 cm + uterine oedema 3-4 cm - 1500 - 3000 iu, IV - >80% mares ovulate within 48hr (mean 46hr)
35
Deslorelin
- Stimulate GnRH to induce endogenous LH secretion - Follicle >3 cm + some uterine oedema - Single, sub-cut implant/IM - 90% mares ovulate within 36 - 42 hr
36
Imipramine
- Induces erection/ejaculation - Damage of dorsal nerve of penis (no sensation when skin pinched) - Stallion
37
Xylazine
- Induces emission - Spermiostasis - blocked ejaculatory ducts - Stallion
38
Regu-mate (altrenogest)
- Suppresses oestrus in mares - Synthetic P4 analogue - Promoting uterine quiescence - placentitis - inhibits receptor formation, prevents prostaglandin-induced abortion
39
TMPS / Gentamicin (+Penicillin) / Ceftiofur
- Antimicrobials that cross placental barrier - Placentitis; RFM; metritis; uterine laceration - TMPS - shown alone to improve pregnancy outcome in placentitis - Ceftiofur - distributes more widely in foal to get to same level as plasma (foals, sepsis) - Horses
40
Flunixin meglumine / Phenylbutazone / Pentoxifylline
- Reduce inflammation in placenta, inhibit action of prostaglandins which may promote abortion - Placentitis; metritis - Horses
41
Aspirin / Pentoxifylline
- Maintain uteroplacental perfusion - Aspirin - prevents microthrombi formation - Placentitis - Horses
42
Gabapentin, ephedrine, terbutaline
- Non-ischaemic (no cause identified) priapism = persistent erection
43
Progestagens - Ovarid, Delvosteron
- Postponement of heat - Some skin conditions in cats
44
Oestrogens
- Enhance stimulatory effect of progesterone on uterus (sensitise progesterone receptors) - Not often used in UK, exogenous use, misalliance, significantly increases risk of pyometra - Accidental matings
45
Tranexamic acid
- Anti-fibrinolytic, aids in clot stabilisation - Periparturient haemorrhage - Expensive - Horses
46
Formalin
- Induces primary haemostasis, enhanced endothelial or platelet activation - Controversial therapy - Periparturient haemorrhage - Horses
47
Naloxone
- Inhibits action of endogenous opioids, helps dec vasodilation - Expensive - Periparturient haemorrhage - Horses
48
Domperidone
- Dopamine antagonist - Hypogalactia/agalactia (poor milk production) - Horses
49
Inverted L block
- Local anaesthetic - Standing procedures, dystocia in cows
50
Leuprolide acetate
- GnRH agonist, suppresses LH release through desensitisation - Ferrets - hyperadrenocorticism
51
Adrenaline
- Rapid relief of hypersensitivity reaction - E.g. Bovine albumin cross-reacting with plasma -> reaction in foal
52
Diazepam (Valium)
- Sedative - Foal, plasma transfusion, will make recumbent - Can be reversed by Flumazenil, make foal get back up
53
Butorphanol
- Sedative - Naughty foal for plasma transfusion, high dose, 5 mg, won't become recumbent
54
Amipicillin + Amikacin
- Broad spectrum AB - Sepsis in foals first line Tx - But have renal side effects (Gentamicin most nephrotoxic), use Ceftiofur if worried e.g. foal w/ underdeveloped renal func
55
Diazepam / Midazolam
- Seizure control, short-term - Diazepam IV (or per rectum) - Midazolam IV/IM (adv) - Foal
56
Phosphate / acetyl cysteine retention enema
- Meconium retention/impaction in foals - Dissolves coating of meconium
57
Sucralfate (Antepsin)
- Acid blocker - localised, binding effect - Gastric ulceration, in young foals related to systemic disease + abnormal perfusion (but usually avoid as foals have more alkaline gastric pH)
58
Omeprazole
- Acid-suppressing, gastric ulceration
59
Nexplanon (etonogestrel)
- Chemical contraception - implant - Progesterone - inhibit follicle development + prevents ovulation + changes uterine environment, -ive feedback prevents GnRH release (human medication) - Females only - Immediate effect - Lasts for 2 y - Exotics - hoofstock + primates (avoid in carnivores)
60
Depo-provera (medroxyprogesterone acetate)
- Injectable chemical contraception - Progesterone - suppresses FSH + LH preventing ovulation + sperm production - Females only - Exotics - hoofstock, primates, carnivores - Repeat injection every 2 - 4 m, effective within 2 - 3 d - Can impact parturition, lactation + maternal behaviour
61
Improvac
- GnRH agonist - suppresses FSH + LH preventing ovulation + sperm production - Females only - Hoofstock only - Require course of primary vaccinations 4 - 6 w apart, then repeat injection every 4 m; considered effective 4 w after second primary injection - [Pig castration - induces antibodies against GnRH to produce a temporary immunological suppression of testicular function]
62
Alizin
- Termination of pregnancy - contains Aglepristone, a progesterone receptor antagonist that blocks the hormone needed for implantation and placental development, causing abortion

VMS3011 Veterinary Medicine 2 (20 decks)

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