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VMS3011 Veterinary Medicine 2 > Repro Treatment > Flashcards

Repro Treatment Flashcards

1
Q

Absence of oestrus (+ abnormal anoestrus) to induce oestrus (companion animal)

A
  • PMSG (pregnant mare serum) daily admin for 10 d + chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) injection
  • Cabergoline - daily admin until d 2 after onset of pro-oestrus, stops prolactin (maintains end of CL as luteotrophic agent), gets bitch to start cycling again (off-license, but better results)
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2
Q

Prolonged oestrus - follicular cysts (companion animal)

A
  • GnRH/hCG (chorionic gonadotropin) (ovulation)
  • P4 (regression)
  • Manual rupture via coeliotomy or laproscopy
  • Ovariohysterectomy/ovariectomy
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3
Q

Luteal cysts (companion animal)

A
  • Prostaglandins -> luteolysis -> regression -> restarts cycle
  • Prolactin inhibitors (cabergoline), interrupts CL + stops P4 production
  • Manual rupture via coeliotomy or laparoscopy
  • OVE/OVH
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4
Q

Granulosa cell tumours (sex cord stroma tumours) (companion animal)

A
  • Ovariohysterectomy (OVH)
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5
Q

Shorten the oestrous cycle (companion animal)

A
  • hCG/PMSG
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6
Q

Vaginal neoplasia - leiomyomas, fibroleiomyoma, fibroma, lipoma, polyps, adenocarcinoma, SCC, leiomyosarcoma, TVT (companion animal)

A
  • Surgical resection +/- ovariohysterectomy
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7
Q

Vaginal hyperplasia (companion animal)

A
  • Conservative, will regress as oestrogens decline, prevent self-trauma by maintaining lubrication w/ KY jelly, preventing bitch from licking
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8
Q

Cryptorchidism (companion animal)

A
  • Surgery - inguinal (ideal), paramedian (abdo - along length of penis + open up muscles), laparoscopic
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9
Q

Orchitis/epididymitis (companion animal)

A
  • Castrate
  • NSAIDs
  • AB
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10
Q

Testicular neoplasia (sertoli cell tumour, seminoma tumour, leydig tumour) (companion animal)

A
  • Castrate
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11
Q

Spermatic cord torsion (companion animal)

A
  • Castrate
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12
Q

Scrotal hernia (companion animal)

A
  • FNA
  • Surgical excision - scrotal ablation + orchiectomy
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13
Q

Balanoposthitis (companion animal)

A
  • Sedate, flush prepuce, anti-inflam, AB, manage underlying cause
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14
Q

Paraphimosis (companion animal)

A
  • Lubricate + attempt replacement
  • Cool wraps/hyperosmolar wraps
  • Sedate/GA
  • Replace
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15
Q

Phimosis (tight foreskin of penis) (companion animal)

A
  • Surgical correction - open tip up more of prepuce
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16
Q

Priapism (companion animal)

A
  • Non-ischaemic + no underlying cause identified - gabapentin, ephedrine, terbutaline (beta-2 adrenergic agonist)
  • Severe ischaemia/unsuccessful medical management - perineal urethrostomy + penile amputation
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17
Q

Urethral prolapse (companion animal)

A
  • Conservative (replacement) - usually not curative
  • Often requires surgical amputation of prolapse + castration
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18
Q

Penile neoplasia (MCT, SCC, fibromas, lymphomas, papillomas, TVT; os penis: osteosarcomas, chondrosarcomas) (companion animal)

A
  • Surgery (penile amputation)
  • Chemo
  • Radiotherapy
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19
Q

Penile neoplasia - transmissible venereal tumour (TVT) (companion animal)

A
  • Castrate
  • Chemo - Vincristine (0.025 mg/kg IV once weekly)
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20
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (companion animal)

A
  • Castration
  • Off-licence - osaterone, delmadinone acetate (Tardak), finasteride, deslorelin (castration suprelorin implant, blocks production of FSH + LH -> shrinking of testicles -> less testosterone -> smaller prostate)
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21
Q

Prostatic cysts (companion animal)

A
  • Medical, same as BPH - off-licence - osaterone, delmadinone acetate (Tardak), finasteride, deslorelin (castration suprelorin implant, blocks production of FSH + LH -> shrinking of testicles -> less testosterone -> smaller prostate)
  • FNA
  • Surgical excision
  • Marsupialisation (tapping of fluid from cysts)
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22
Q

Prostatitis (companion animal)

A
  • Pain relief
  • AB based on culture/rational
  • Tx of underlying diseases e.g. BPH
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23
Q

Prostatic neoplasia (companion animal)

A
  • Surgery if no mets (complicated, refer)
  • Radiation
  • Chemo (does not inc survival times significantly)
  • Intra-arterial chemo
  • COX-2 inhibitors e.g. Parecoxib, carprofen
  • Bisphosphates
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24
Q

Perineal hernia (companion animal)

A
  • Address underlying disease (e.g. enlarged prostate)
  • Stool softeners
  • Surgical correction
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25
Q

Ovarian remnant syndrome (ORS)

A
  • Remove via exploratory laparotomy
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26
Q

Pyometra (companion animal)

A
  • Ovariohysterectomy (preferred) - support w/ IV fluids (lactated Ringers/Hartmann’s); AB - only if blood profile abnormal/septicaemic (potentiated amoxicillin, cephalosporins - E. coli), anti-progestagens when open pyo (aglepristone = Alizin or Virbac) to dilate cervix (relaxation), inc myometrial activity, inhibition of progesterone suppression of leucocytes, not always necessary if going into remove the uterus
  • Surgical drainage - flush uterus out if breeding bitch, not v successful
  • Medical management - broadspectrum AB + anti-progestagens; prostaglandins (PGF2 Dinprost (Lutalyse; Zoetis, promote expulsion of the infected uterine contents); prolactin inhibitors (cabergoline: Galastop; Ceva) (in combo for prolonged period) - inhibit support of CL by prolactin
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27
Q

Synchronisation of oestrous cycle (cow)

A
  • PGF2-alpha (Cloprostenol) -> induces luteolysis
  • Ovsynch - d 0 give GnRH -> stimulates FSH + LH production -> ovulation, d 7= PGF2-alpha, d 9 - GnRH to prime next ovulation
  • P4 synch - d 0 exogenous P4 w/ GnRH -> ovulation, endogenous P4 produced, prid removed 1 d later -> slow drop of endo P4, 24 h delay between jab + removal
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28
Q

Endometritis (cow)

A
  • Intrauterine ABs - don’t work well
  • Prostaglandins (cloprostenol) - if CL present -> natural heat to deliver WBCs to uterus
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29
Q

Pyometra (cow)

A
  • PGF2-alpha - cloprostenol
  • Intrauterine ABs - penicillin/oxytetracycline
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30
Q

Oestrous cycle synchronisation in seasonal breeders (sheep)

A
  • Melatonin implants - allows lambing in December
  • P4 + PMSG (pregnant mare serum gonadotropin) -> oestrus + ovulation
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30
Q

Mastitis (cow)

A
  • Systemic AB, penethamate hydriodide concentrates in udder, only effective systemic AB
  • Intrammary AB, reach greater therapeutic concentrations quickly, lactating cow tubes (LCTs) - all target G+ (penicillins, lincosamides, 1st + 2nd gen cephalosporins), some target G- (aminoglycosides (e.g. gentamicin) or 3rd + 4th gen cephalosporins) (+ Most LCTs have corticosteroids, prednisolone, small amount)
  • Systemic NSAIDs - cure rate of clinical and toxic mastitis, intramammary corticosteroids e.g. meloxicam, ketofan, ketoprofen, flunixin
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31
Q

Toxic mastitis (cow)

A
  • Fluids: IV 3 L hypertonic + 10 L Hartmann’s; PO 60 L isotonic fluids
  • Flunixin meglumine anti-inflam, binds to toxins
  • Strip out gland
  • Oxytocin - to let milk down + clean udder
  • AB - only if 2^y infection
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32
Q

Mastitis in dry gland (cow)

A
  • Stripping out
  • Intramammary antibiotics (lactating cow tubes)
  • Systemic ABs
  • Dry cow therapy - teat sealants, fly pour-on/tags
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33
Q

Calving injury - trauma to birth canal/neighbouring structures

A
  • Systemic ABs
  • Anti-inflam (NSAIDs/steroids)
  • +/- Topical emollients
  • +/- Caudal epidural anaesthesia
  • Surgical repair
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34
Q

Post-partum haemorrhage (cow)

A
  • Oxytocin
  • Vessel location + clamping
  • Pressure packing
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35
Q

Uterine prolapse (production animal)

A
  • Protect uterus
  • +/- IV Calcium Borogluconate
  • Caudal epidural anaesthesia + NSAIDs
  • Clean uterus + remove foetal membranes
  • 2x assistants support uterus in a towel
  • If recumbent, ‘frog-leg’ to align pelvis
  • Start at vulval margins + progressively invert using knuckles
  • Make sure uterus fully inverted

Aftercare:
- Oxytocin
- Calcium borogluconate
- +/- Systemic ABs - amoxicillin, doxycycline, tetracycline
- Management of haemorrhage

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36
Q

Metritis (cow)

A
  • Systemic ABs
  • NSAIDs
  • Supportive therapy - FT
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37
Q

Endometritis (cow)

A
  • Intrauterine ABs - intrauterine cefapirin (Metricure)
  • Prostaglandins - F2-alpha analogue e.g. cloprostenol
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38
Q

Uterine inflammatory disease - puerperal (toxic) metritis (cow)

A
  • Systemic ABs
  • NSAIDs e.g. flunixin meglumine
  • Fluid resuscitation (IVFT + ORT)
  • Management of concurrent disease e.g. hypocalcemia
  • Nursing care
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39
Q

Uterine inflammatory disease - clinical metritis (cow)

A
  • Systemic ABs
  • NSAIDs e.g. flunixin meglumine (+ meloxicam)
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40
Q

Retained foetal membranes (cow)

A
  • Manual removal contraindicated
  • Systemic AB therapy + NSAIDs only indicated if - metritic uterine discharge, pyrexia, systemic ill-health (e.g. inappetence/dec yield)
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41
Q

Uterine inflammatory disease - puerperal (toxic) metritis (cow)

A
  • Systemic ABs
  • NSAIDs e.g. flunixin meglumine
  • Fluid resuscitation (IVFT + ORT)
  • Management of concurrent disease e.g. hypocalcemia
  • Nursing care
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42
Q

Dystocia (cow)

A
  • Accurate Dx: obstructive dystocia - disproportion/faulty posture; inadequate expulsive force/uterine inertia /+/- both
  • Evaluate for potential vaginal delivery
  • Apply obstetric lubricant + calving ropes
  • Create space: repulse foetus, therapeutic intervention e.g. clenbuterol for ST manipulation
  • Correct faulty posture/position - manipulation of foetus +/- external manipulation
  • Apply appropriate degree of traction
  • Appropriate aftercare - therapeutics, nursing care
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43
Q

Primary uterine inertia (cow)

A
  • Assisted vaginal delivery + traction
  • Tx of underlying metabolic cause e.g. hypocalcaemia
44
Q

Secondary uterine inertia (cow)

A
  • Correct obstructive dystocia + traction
  • Tx of underlying metabolic cause e.g. hypocalcaemia
45
Q

Obstructive dystocia - uterine torsion (cow)

A
  • Non-surgical - +/- assisted vaginal delivery: rotation per vaginum +/- abdo ballotement; rolling; Schaffer’s method; torsion bar e.g. GynStick
  • Surgical - Caesarean section (correct before uterine incision)
  • Therapeutics: clenbuterol +/- epidural, NSAIDs, +/- calcium (post-correction)
46
Q

Obstructive dystocia - incomplete cervical dilation, ‘Ringwomb’ (sheep)

A
  • Re-assess in ~2 h if Dx unclear
  • Careful digital dilation
  • Caesarean section
47
Q

Soft tissue restriction - vaginal prolapse (sheep)

A

Prior to parturition:
- Caudal epidural anaesthesia + NSAIDs
- Raise HLs (+/- dorsal recum)
- Prolapse replacement
- Prevention recurrence, retention - prolapse retainer ‘spoon’; harness; Buhner suture
- Elective caesarean section

In association w/ dystocia - (above +), assess for incomplete cervical dilation, assisted vaginal delivery, caesarean section

48
Q

Induction of parturition (production animals)

A
  • Prostaglandin - 5 - 100 days (+/- 100 - 150 d)
  • Corticosteroids - 150 - 270 d, long-acting -> short-acting, contraindicated in dead calves
  • Combo -> dec RFM + dec dystocia
49
Q

Irreducible obstructive dystocia / - dead +/- decomposing calf

A
  • Foetotomy
50
Q

Induction of oestrus (mare)

A
  • 500μg cloprostenol (estrumate) IM (synthetic prostaglandin analogue)
  • Only effective if CL >5 d old, development of PG receptors
51
Q

Induction of ovulation, stimulating LH surge (mare)

A
  • Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)
  • Follicle 3.5 cm + uterine oedema (3-4)
  • Chorulon, 1500 - 3000 iu IV
  • > 80% mares ovulate within 48h (mean 36h)
52
Q

Induction of ovulation, stimulating GnRH surge to induce endogenous LH secretion

A
  • Deslorelin
  • Follicle >3 cm, some uterine oedema
  • Ovuplant, single SC implant in ‘bleb’ LA or 1-2 mg IM
  • 90% mares ovulate within 36-42h
53
Q

Persistent mating-induced endometritis (PMIE), low volume (< 1cm) (mare)

A
  • Oxytocin - 20 iu, IM/IV
  • 4 h post-breeding + continued every 6 h until cleared
54
Q

Persistent mating-induced endometritis (PMIE), high volume (mare)

A
  • Uterine lavage (up to 3 L in total) w/ saline
  • Oxytocin - 20 iu, IM/IV
  • Antibiosis
55
Q

Twins pregnancies (mare)

A
  • Manual reduction prior to implantation
  • Separate embryos
  • Administer anti-inflammatories - flunixin meglumine
  • Recheck mare next day
56
Q

Embryo transfer (mare)

A
  • Synchronise ovulation between donor + recipient mares
  • Inseminate donor mare
  • Donor mare’s uterus flushed 7-8 d post-ovulation to retrieve embryo
  • Retrieved embryo transferred into uterus of recipient mare
57
Q

Damage to dorsal nerve of penis (no sensation when skin pinched) (stallion)

A
  • Stimulate smooth muscle contractility
  • Imipramine - induces erection/ejaculation
  • Xylazine - induces emission
58
Q

Spermiostasis (blocked ejaculatory ducts) (stallion)

A
  • Vigorous massage of blocked ampullae + admin oxytocin prior to ejaculation
59
Q

Psychogenic - overuse, poor handling, environment -> poor libido (stallion)

A
  • Behaviour modification - tease, appropriate AV
60
Q

Pneumovaginum (mare)

A
  • Caslick’s procedure - closure of vulva below pelvic brim, restores vulval seal, but fails to correct vestibulo-vaginal seal
  • Vulvoplasty - stripping of some tissure from dorsal aspect -> scar tissue forming substantial plug, restores vulval seal + vestibulo-vaginal seal
61
Q

Urovaginum (mare)

A
  • Symptomatic - usually resolves spontaneously withing 2 w as tract involutes
  • Urethral extension surgery if persists
62
Q

Imperforate hymen (mare, camelid)

A
  • Break down manually
  • Sectioning (guarded blade)
63
Q

Uterine cysts (mare)

A
  • Surgical ablation
64
Q

Endometritis (mare)

A
  • Intra-uterine lavage (repeated large/small vol)
  • Oxytocin and or PGF
  • Correct predisposing causes e.g. Caslick
  • Repeat microbiology
  • Manage mating as ‘high risk’ / AI - careful times, single breeding
65
Q

Persistent mating-induced endometritis (PMIE), general (mare)

A
  • 6 hours post-breeding; > 2 cm intra-luminal fluid
  • 2 - 3 L sterile saline until clear
  • Dilution, evacuation, pH, recruitment neutrophils
  • Oxytocin (20 iu, IV &/or IM, 6 & 18h post flush) - Low volume (20 mL) intra-uterine broad spectrum antibiotic
  • Single breeding
66
Q

Pyometra (mare)

A
  • Drain - intensive long-term, high-volume lavage
  • Endometrial swab + biopsy to evaluate breeding prognosis + Tx prognosis, may require recurrent therapy
  • Grave breeding prognosis
67
Q

Pyometra (mare)

A
  • Drain - intensive long-term, high-volume lavage
  • Endometrial swab + biopsy to evaluate breeding prognosis + Tx prognosis, may require recurrent therapy
  • Grave breeding prognosis
68
Q

Endometriosis (mare)

A
  • Mechanical curettage
  • Endometrial swab + biopsy to evaluate breeding prognosis (poor breeding prognosis)
69
Q

Anovulatory haemorrhagic follicle (mare)

A
  • No Tx, PG
70
Q

Granulosa thecal cell tumour (GTCT) (mare)

A
  • Hemiovariectomy = curative
71
Q

Placentitis (mare)

A

INFECTION:
- TMPS (30 mg/kg PO BID)
- Gentamicin (6.6 mg/kg IV SID) + Pencilllin (22 mg/kg IM BID)
- Ceftiofur (2.2 - 4.4 mg/kg IV/IM BID)

INFLAMMATION:
- Flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg IV BID)
- Phenylbutazone (2.2 mg/kg PO BID)
- Pentoxifylline (8.5 mg/kg PO BID) = blood thinner, helps maintain blood circulation

PROMOTION OF UTERINE QUIESCENCE:
- Alternogest (Regumate) (0.088 mg/kg PO SID)

MAINTAINING UTEROPLACENTAL PERFUSION
- Aspirin (prevents microthrombi formation, 10 - 20 mg/kg PO BID
- Pentoxifylline, 8.5 mg/kg PO BID

72
Q

Uterine torsion (mare)

A
  • Surgical correction - flank laparotomy/ventral midline
  • Correct torsion + allow pregnancy to continue to term
  • Rolling under GA (usually unsuccessful) / or during parturition, attempt to correct by transcervical manipulation
73
Q

Hydrops amnion/allantois (mare)

A
  • Induce parturition or abort mare
  • Remove fluids slowly
74
Q

Vaginal varicose veins (mare)

A
  • If minimal bleeding, no treatment required
  • Large vol + frequent - laser cautery or topical Tx
75
Q

Ventral wall hernia/pre-pubic tendon rupture

A
  • If catastrophic, abort
  • Mild, nurse mare to term, abdominal support to hold spine, prematurely induce parturition, assist birth, c-section, don’t breed again (or only do embryo transfer)
76
Q

Retained foetal membranes, > 2 h (mare)

A
  • If mems hanging at hocks or below, tie in a knot
  • Low dose oxytocin (10 - 20 iu IV hourly / 0.5 L saline + oxytocin 30 iu over 30 IV)
  • Manual removal controversial - uterine lavage after
77
Q

Retained foetal membranes, > 6 h (oxytocin unsuccessful + manual removal attempted) (mare)

A
  • Admin oxytocin +/- sedative
  • Tail bandage + perineum cleaned
  • Apply gentle traction on allantochorion
  • May need to slide hand between endometrium + allantochorion to aid separation
  • IV infusion w/ oxytocin
  • Systemic AB (TMPS) +/- intra-uterine antibiosis + NSAIDs

1). Twisting allantochorion is twisted upon itself to separate allantochorion from the endometrium

2). Distending allantochorion - up to 12 L of 0.1% iodine solution in saline through clean nasogastric tube + tied w/ umbilical table, maintenance of fluid 30 min before expulsion

78
Q

Metritis (mare)

A
  • Broad spectrum antibiotics - penicillin + gentamicin
  • Anti-inflam (NSAIDs) - flunxin
  • IVFT
  • Oxytocin (20 iu every 4 - 6 h)
  • Once/twice daily large volume uterine lavage (0.9% saline, 0.1% iodine solution on first lavage), repeat until recovered fluid free from gross contamination
  • Broad spectrum intra uterine antibiosis
  • Prevent/treat laminitis - frog supports, deep bed, stall confinement
79
Q

Vestibular/vulval trauma (mare)

A
  • Suturing - immediately post-foaling if minimal swelling
  • Delayed (several weeks) if bruising/oedema severe
80
Q

First degree perineal laceration

A
  • Caslick’s suture
81
Q

3rd degree perineal laceration

A
  • Immediate treatment - antibiosis, NSAIDs
  • Surgical correction - assess after second intention healing (several) weeks; laxative diet to ease trauma to repair; sedate + epidural (standing); reconstruct vaginal roof & rectal floor; ‘Caslick-like’ suture to close vulval lips
82
Q

Recto-vaginal fistula (mare)

A
  • No spontaneous resolution
  • Surgical correction - same as 3rd degree perineal laceration
83
Q

Urovaginum (mare)

A
  • Symptomatic
  • Urethral extension surgery if persists
84
Q

Periparturient haemorrhage (mare)

A
  • Shock therapy - IVFT - hypertonic saline followed by isotonic fluids; supplemental O2; if PCV <15 = whole blood transfusion
  • Conservative therapy - light sedation (alpha-2 agonist); analgesia (flunixin/opiates); broad spectrum antibiosis (prevent abscessation of haematoma); low dose oxytocin (promote uterine involution)

Additional therapies:
- Tranexamic acid - aid in clot stabilisation, 10 mg/kg by slow IV injection up to 3 times in first 24 h
- Formalin (controversial therapy) - induce primary haemostasis, enhances endothelial/platelet activation, 16 mL of 10% buffered formalin diluted in 45 mL 0.9% saline given once slowly IV
- Naloxone - inhibits action of endogenous opioids, helps decrease vasodilation

85
Q

Uterine prolapse (mare)

A
  • Keep uterus supported w/ clean sheet
  • Sedate mare +/- epidural
  • Clean uterus w/ warm water or saline + inspect -> remove any remaining foetal membranes
  • Massage back through vulval lips
  • Distend uterus with saline to ensure tips of horns fully replaced and to lavage uterus (may cause mild to severe to colic
  • Broad-spectrum antimicrobials
  • NSAIDs e.g. flunixin
  • Oxytocin only once replaced -> increase uterine tone
  • FT if required
86
Q

Hypogalactia/agalactia (mare)

A
  • Good nutrition
  • Oxytocin
  • Domperidone (dopamine antagonist) - twice daily 2 - 4 / once daily 6 -8 d
87
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A
  • Isolate + decontaminate animals affected
  • Neuter cats
88
Q

Failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) (IgG conc <8g/L) (foal)

A
  • Gut barrier closure 12 h, give IgG via IV (commercial plasma transfusion from hyperimmunised donors) - 1 L raising IgG by 2 - 3 g
  • Sedatives - diazepam (valium) (recum), easy to admin reversal; straight high dose butorphanol
  • Madigan squeeze
  • Supplementation w/ donor colostrum
89
Q

Emergency resuscitation (foal)

A
  • Isotonic crystalloid, Hartmann’s
  • 10 mL/kg bolus then reassess to correct dehydration/hypovolaemia
  • Energy - 1% or 20 mL/L of 50% glucose added to IVFT over 20 min
  • Maintenance therapy - Hartmanns + 5% glucose (50:50)
  • Prevent sodium overload: <3mEq/kg/day
  • Maintenance fluid rate = 4 mL/kg/hr
90
Q

Nutrition (foal)

A
  • Fresh mare’s milk; mare’s milk frozen; commercial milk replacer; skimmed cow’s milk + dextrose; goat’s milk
  • Ensure 10% BW/day e.g. 50 kg foal = 420 mL every 2 h
  • Trophic feeding - 25 mL milk every 6 - 8 h when not tolerating enteral nutrition
  • Parenteral nutrition - concentrated supply of IV carbohydrate, protein + fat
91
Q

Treat/prevent sepsis (foal)

A
  • Broad spectrum AB: Ampicillin/amikacin (first line); ceftiofur, no effect on renal func (or penicillin, gentamicin, cefotaxime, piperacillin, TMPS)
  • Ensure adequate passive transfer
  • Colostrum at < 12 h
  • Plasma - 1L per 2g IgG required
  • Hygiene + clean environment
92
Q

Respiratory support (foal)

A
  • Keep foals in sternal recumbency
  • Intranasal O2 - low rate of humidified nasal O2, 1 - 15 L/min
  • Non-invasive techniques
93
Q

Seizure control (foal)

A
  • Diazepam IV (or per rectum)
  • Midazolam IV or IM
  • 0.1 - 0.2 mg/kg
94
Q

Gastric ulceration (foal)

A
  • Foals have more alkaline gastric pH (so acid blockers should be avoided)
  • Sucralfate - localised, binding effect (20 mg/kg PO QID)
  • Acid-suppressing medication e.g. omeprazole (4 mg/kg PO SID)
95
Q

Neonatal isoerythrolysis (foal)

A
  • Blood transfusion
  • Inotropes/pressors for foals w/ sepsis if FT insufficient to support perfusion
96
Q

Chemical contraception (exotics)

A
  • Implants: suprelorin (deslorelin) (GnRH agonist), carnivores, female hoofstock + primates; nexplanon (etonogestrel) (P4), only females - hoofstocks + primates
  • Injectables: depro-provera (medroxyprogesterone acetate) (P4), females only - hoofstock, primates + carnivores; improvac (GnRH agonist) - female hoofstock
97
Q

Foetal sexing (equine, bovine)

A
  • US d 60
  • Male = genital tubercles migrating towards umbilicus
  • Female - genital tubercles migrating towards anus/tail
98
Q

Female fecundity/fertility advanced reproductive technologies

A
  • Superovulation (increase number of ova released / cycle)
  • Embryo collection and transfer (gestation independent of donor)
  • In vitro fertilisation (conception independent of donor)
  • Oocyte maturation (oocyte maturation independent of donor)
  • Oocyte transfer
  • Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (overcome male infertility)
  • Cloning
  • Genetic salvage (unexpected death)
  • Gene therapy / manipulation
99
Q

Embryo collection (bovine)

A
  • Multiple ovulation + embryo transfer (MOET), cow: superovulation, dec doses of FSH BID
  • Superovulatory heat occurs 36 - 48 h after PG injection
  • Flushing 7 d after heat
100
Q

Embryo collection (ewe, hind (deer), bitch

A
  • Laparotomy/laparoscopy - oviductal flush
  • Superovulation
101
Q

Embryo transfer (bovine)

A
  • Epidural anaesthesia
  • Identify corpus luteum -> implantation on ipsilateral horn
  • / Trans-cervical deposit embryo in anterior third of uterine horn (dec trauma)
102
Q

Embryo collection (equine)

A
  • d 6/7 post AI
103
Q

Oocyte pick up (OPU) (equine)

A
  • Pre-ovulatory follicle aspiration
  • Transfer to recipient mare (OT)
  • Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
104
Q

Oocyte pick up (OPU) (bovine/equine)

A
  • Superovulation with FSH (or not)
  • Transvaginal ultrasound-guided Cumulus Oocyte Complex collection
  • Oocyte maturation
  • IVF/ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection)
  • Transfer to synchronised recipients and/or freeze embryos
  • Salvage procedure - post-mortem
105
Q

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) (equine)

A
  • Oocyte pick up
  • In-vitro maturation
  • Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
  • In-vitro culture
  • Embryo transfer
  • Cryopreservation
106
Q

Epididymal sperm collection

A
  • Collection - post-castration/post-mortem
  • Transport - < 18 h, 5 °C before flushing
107
Q

Cloning

A
  • 1). Nuclear transfer
  • 2). Blastomere cloning - 4/8 cell stage

VMS3011 Veterinary Medicine 2 (20 decks)

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