Renal

Question 1

WBC casts

Answer 1

Pyelonephritis

Question 2

Waxy casts

Answer 2

End stage renal disease

Question 3

Red casts

Answer 3

GN

Question 4

Creatinine in GFR

Answer 4

Excreted in proximal distal convuluted tubule

Absorbed by distal convuluted tubule

Question 5

UTI test

Answer 5

Nitrates

Question 6

Hiccups investigations

Answer 6

UEC

Question 7

Thiazides site of action

Answer 7

Distal convulted tubule

Question 8

Disseminated prostate cancer electrolyte imbalance

Answer 8

Hypercalcaemia

Question 9

Spironolactone S/E

Answer 9

Gynaecomastia

Question 10

Loop diuretics electrolyte imbalance

Answer 10

Hypomagnesium

Question 11

Prostalgia fugax

Answer 11

Severe, episodic, rectal and sacrococcygeal pain

Caused by cramp of pubococcygeus or levator ani muscle

Question 12

Nephrotic syndrome in kids

Answer 12

Minimal change GN

Question 13

Nephrotic syndromes

Answer 13

Minimal change, PSGS, membranous

Question 14

Nephritic syndromes

Answer 14

IgA, post-infecious, membrano-proliferative, anti-GBM, pauci-immune

Question 15

HSP renal

Answer 15

IgA GN

Question 16

Nephritis following group A strep or pharyngitis

Answer 16

Post-infectious GN

Question 17

Tram tracks nephritis

Answer 17

Immuno-proliferative GN

Question 18

Good Pasture’s GN

Answer 18

c-ANCA Pauci immune

Question 19

Churg-Strauss (sinusitis) nephritis

Answer 19

p-ANCA Pauci immune

Question 20

Thiazide S/E

Answer 20

Hypokalaemia
Hyperuricaemia (CI in gout)
Hypercholesterolaemia
Hyperglycaemia (GI in diabetes)

Question 21

Kidney damage due to antibiotics

Answer 21

Interstitial nephritis

Question 22

Loop diuretics site of action

Answer 22

Ascending limb

Question 23

Potassium sparing diuretics site of action

Answer 23

Collecting tubule

Question 24

Interstitial nephritis

Answer 24

Caused by reaction to medication - antibioticsInvestigations - WBC in urine, haematuria, RBC casts

Question 25

Hyperkalaemia Symptoms

Answer 25

ArrhythmiasPeaked T waves

Question 26

Hypercalcaemia Symptoms

Answer 26

Moans, groan and stones

Question 27

Hypocalcaemia Symptoms

Answer 27

Carpopedal spasm, tingling lips

Question 28

Hypokalaemia Symptoms

Answer 28

Muscle weakness, myalgia, and muscle cramps, constipation, flaccid paralysis, hyporeflexia, rhabdomyolysis and respiratory depression

Question 29

Hyponatraemia Symptoms

Answer 29

Nausea and vomiting, headache, short-term memory loss, confusion, lethargy, fatigue, loss of appetite, restlessness, irritability, muscle weakness, spasms or cramps, seizures, decreased consciousness or coma, encephalopathy

Question 30

Hyponatraemia Causes

Answer 30

Hypervolaemic hyponatraemia - nephrotic syndrome, CHF, cirrhosisEuvolaemic hyponatraemia - SIADH, hypothyroidismHypovolaemic hyponatraemia - vomiting, diarrhoea, diuretics, Addisons and CAH

Question 31

Hypernatraemia Causes

Answer 31

Dehydration

Question 32

Hypernatraemia Symptoms

Answer 32

Lethargy, weakness, irritability, neuromuscular excitability, and oedema, seizures and coma

Question 33

Hyperkalaemia Causes

Answer 33

ARF, chronic kidney diseaseAddisonsACEiT1DM

Question 34

Hypokalaemia Causes

Answer 34

GI loss - diarrhoea, perspirationUrinary lossDKA

Question 35

Hypercalcaemia Causes

Answer 35

Primary hyperparathyroidismLithium useMalignancyVit D intoxicationHyperthyroidism

Question 36

Hypocalcaemia Causes

Answer 36

HypoparathyroidismEating disordersAcute renal failureAlkalosis

Question 37

Triple Whammy

Answer 37

Hyponatremia or hyperkalemiaAKI Cardiac failure

Question 38

Hypercalcaemia ECT

Answer 38

Widened T wavesShort QT interval

Question 39

Osmolality

Answer 39

Calculated osmolality = 2 x serum sodium + serum glucose + serum urea (all in mmol/L)