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PHYSIO-PATHO-IM > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

1
Q

What cells produces renin?

A

JG cells

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2
Q

What enzyme, present in the kidney, converts vitamin D to its active form?

A

1,25-dihydroxycholicalciferol

1 alpha hydroxylase

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3
Q

What is the normal protein value of urine?

A

Zero

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4
Q

Where is Erythropoietin produced?

A

Peritubular capillaries / vasa recta

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5
Q

What is the normal glucose value of urine?

A

Zero

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6
Q

Why is the usual daily urine output?

A

720-1440 mL

700-1400 mL

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7
Q

Size of a normal adult RBC?

A

7.5 nanometer

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8
Q

Weight of normal kidney

A

150g

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9
Q

What is the embryologic origin of the nephron?

A

metanephric blastoma

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10
Q

What is the embryologic origin of the collecting duct system?

A

Ureteric bud

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11
Q

Chronic Kidney Diseases with NORMAL kidney size

A 
TB of the kidney
DM nephropathy
SLE
Amyloidosis
Sarcoidosis
HIV
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12
Q

Vasa recta is also known as

A

Peritubular capillaries

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13
Q

Effacement of podocytes

A

Minimal Change Disease

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14
Q

What is the Countercurrent multipliers of the kidney?

A

Loop of Henle

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15
Q

What is the Countercurrent exchangers of the kidney?

A

Vasa recta

Peritubular capillaries

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16
Q

Amount of the filtrate formed by both kidneys together in unit time

A

Glomerular filtration rate

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17
Q

normal value for GFR?

A

125 mL/min

180 L/day

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18
Q

Oncotic pressure of kidneys is set by

A

Albumin

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19
Q

What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults? (85% of the cases)

A

Primary membranous glomerulonephritis

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20
Q

What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children 2-6 years of age?

A

Minimal Change Disease
or
Lipoid Nephrosis

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21
Q

What is the most common type of glomerulonephritis worldwide?

A

IgA Nephropathy
or
Berger Disease

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22
Q

What bladder muscle is responsible for urination?

A

Detrussor muscle

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23
Q

What substance may be secreted in response to changes in BP by the JG cells of the afferent arteriole?

A

Renin

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24
Q

What is the specific action of ADH in the kidney?

A

Causes insertion of AQUAPORIN or WATER CHANNELS on the DISTAL TUBULES

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25
Q

The clearance of __________ is used to estimate renal blood flow and renal plasma flow

A

PAH or Para-aminohippuric acid

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26
Q

The clearance of __________ is used to estimate GFR

A

Inulin

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27
Q

What is the renal threshold for glucose?

A

180mg/dl

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28
Q

What is the hormone that counteracts the effect of aldosterone and ADH?

A

ANP or Atrionatriuretic peptide from cardiac atrial muscle fibers

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29
Q

What is the active form of vitamin D?

A

1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol

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30
Q

What is the most common cause of End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)?

A

DM Nephropathy

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31
Q

What is the pathognomonic sign of DM Nephropathy?

A

Kimmelsteil Wilson lesions

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32
Q

What drug, used to treat Lupus nephritis, could also cause hemorrhagic cystitis?

A

Cyclophosphamide

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33
Q

What is the side effect of cyclophosphamide when used as treatment of lupus nephritis?

A

Hemorrhagic cystitis

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34
Q

What disease causes bilateral massive enlargement of kidneys due to multiple large cysts?

A

Acute polycystic kidney disease (APKD)

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35
Q

What is the classic triad of symptoms seen in renal cell carcinoma in adults?

A

Flank pain
Hematuria (painless)
Palpable mass

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36
Q

What causes kidney changes described as a diffused proliferative glomerulonephritis?

A

SLE

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37
Q

What are the classic signs of glomerular disease in children?

A

Young

Puffy eyelids

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38
Q

What are the congenital diseases of the kidney?

A

Renal agenesis
Horseshoe kidney
Hypoplasia
Ectopic kidneys

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39
Q

In a child born with renal agenesis, what drug was given to the mother during the first trimester, that caused the disease?

A

ACE inhibitors

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40
Q

What kidney is fused congenitally?

A

Horseshoe kidney

41
Q

What percent reduction of kidney function is needed for progression to end-stage renal failure?

A

30-50% reduction

42
Q

Where is the prototypical exogenous pattern of acute proliferative GN seen?

A

Post infectious glomerulonephritis

43
Q

Where is the prototypical endogenous pattern of acute proliferative GN seen?

A

SLE

44
Q

What organism causes post strep GN?

A

GABHS

Streptococcus pyogenes

45
Q

What are the types of skin infection seen in post strep GN?

A

Types 1, 4, 12

46
Q

Post strep GN is most commonly seen in what age group?

A

6-10 years old

47
Q

Complications if GABHS infection are seen in

A

Rheumatic fever

Glomerulonephritis

48
Q

“Humps” “Bumps” “Lumps”

A

Poststreptococcal GN

49
Q

Post strep infection, hematuria, protenuria, periorbital edema

A

Post streptococcal GN

50
Q

What is the syndrome caused by Type 1 RPGN?

A

Goodpasteur Syndrome

51
Q

What are the organs involved in Goodpasteurs Syndrome?

A

Lungs

Kidney

52
Q

Type of hypersensitivity reaction seen in Type 2 RPGN

A

Type 2 hypersensitivity

53
Q

Type 2 RPGN is seen in what diseases?

A

SLE

Henoch scholein purpura

54
Q

Type 3 RPGN is seen in what diseases?

A

ANCA associated

Wegener granulomatosis

55
Q

Some cases of Type 3 RPGN is alao associated with..?

A

Systemic vasculitis

56
Q

What is the most common cause of Nephrotic syndrome in adults?

A

DM
Amyloidosis
SLE

57
Q

What is the earliest manifestation of nephrotic syndrome in adults?

A

Bipedal edema

58
Q

What is the earliest manifestation if nephrotic syndrome in children?

A

Periorbital edema

59
Q

What is the most common primary glomerular disease causing nephrotic syndrome in adults?

A

Membranous glomerulonephritis

60
Q

What is the most common primary glomerular disease causing nephrotic syndrome in children?

A

Lipoid nephrosis or

Minimal change disease

61
Q

What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults?

A

Primary membranous GN (85%)

62
Q

In membranous GN, protenuria is caused by __________

A

MAC C5b-C9

63
Q

What are the electromicroscope findings of membranous GN?

A

Subepithelial deposits, spikes in silver stain

64
Q

GN that does not respond to corticosteroids

A

Membranous GN

65
Q

What kidney disease usually follows a respiratory infection or vaccination?

A

Minimal change disease or

Lipoid nephrosis

66
Q

What are the EM findings of Lipoid nephritis?

A

Foot process Effacement

67
Q

What is the peak incidence of minimal change disease?

A

2-6 years old

68
Q

What are the classic symptoms seen in Henoch Schnolein Purpura?

A

Purpuric skin lesions
Abdominal manifestations
Arthritis
Renal abnormalities

69
Q

What is the most common type of vasculitis in children?

A

Henoch Scholein Purpura

70
Q

What is the second most common type of vasculitis in children?

A

Kawasaki disease

71
Q

What is the hallmark of Henoch scholein purpura?

A

Palpable purpura

72
Q

What drugs are ischemic nephrotoxic?

A

Aminoglycosides
Amphotericin B
Contrast agents (contrast nephropathy)

73
Q

What are the most abundant excreted CHON in the urine?

A

Tamm-Horsfall protein

74
Q

It is an uromodulin used as a defense against UTI and inhibits Ca crystallization

A

Tamm-Horsfall protein

75
Q

Bence Jones protenuria (immunoglobin lights chains)

A

Multiple Myeloma

76
Q

What is the complication of acute pyelonephritis that could lead to septic shock?

A

Gram negative septicemia

77
Q

Severe infections of pyelonephritis causes:

A

Renal papillary necrosis
Pyelonephritis
Perinephric abscess

78
Q

What are the risk factors for pyelonephritis?

A

Frequent instrumentation

DM

79
Q

What are the special forms of pyelonephritis?

A

TB pyelonephritis

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis

80
Q

Caseous necrosis

Swiss chease appearance

A

TB pyelonephritis

81
Q

What organism causes xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis and is also associated with staghorn calculi?

A

Proteus sp

82
Q

What antibiotic is notorious for causing tubulointerstitial nephrosis?

A

Methicillin!!

immunologic

83
Q

What kidney disease has a dramatic response to corticosteroid treatment?

A

Minimal change disease or

Lipoid nephrosis

84
Q

What kidney disease is seen in HIV and Heroin users?

A

Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis

FSGS

85
Q

What is the hallmark of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis?

A

Epithelial damage

86
Q

“Double contour”

“Tram-track appearance”

A

Membranoproliferative GN (MPGN)

87
Q

“Double contour” and “Tram-track appearance” is caused by duplication of the GBM with…

A

Mesangial and
Monocyte interposition

MPGN

88
Q

What is the most common type of GN worldwide?

A

IgA nephropathy

89
Q

What drugs are notorious for causing Tubulointerstitial Nephritis, Analgesic Nephropathy?

A

Aspirin
Phenacetin
NSAIDs

90
Q

Tubulointerstitial nephritis has an increased risk of developing…?

A

Transitional Papillary carcinoma of the renal pelvis

91
Q

What is the most common type of RCC?

A

Clear Cell Carcinoma

92
Q

What is the most common risk factor for RCC?

A

Smoking

93
Q

Renal Cell Carcinoma is may also be associated with Bladder carcinoma which is caused by?

A

Schistosoma hematobium

94
Q

What is the embryologic origin of Wilms Tumor or Nephroblastoma?

A

Metanephros

95
Q

What is the most common cancer in children?

A

Leukemia

96
Q

What is the most common cancer in children with primary nephro?

A

Wilms tumor

97
Q

What is the most common tumor associated with Wilms tumor?

A

WAGR syndrome

98
Q

WAGR syndrome stands for:

A

Wilms
Aniridia (iris has no color)
Genitourinary and Growth problems
Retardation (mental and growth)

99
Q

What is the most common type of Lupus nephritis?

A

Class IV

Diffuse Proliferative GN

PHYSIO-PATHO-IM (7 decks)

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