renal 4-7

Question 1

what does aplasia mean?

Answer 1

the complete or almost complete absence of an organ or tissue due to a defect in its developmental process

Question 2

what does agenesis mean?

Answer 2

the complete failure of an organ or tissue to develop during embryonic growth

Question 3

what does dysplasia mean?

Answer 3

the abnormal growth or development of a tissue or organ

Question 4

what does hypoplasia mean?

Answer 4

the incomplete or underdeveloped state of a tissue or organ, meaning it has fewer cells than normal (as opposed to atrophy, where it grew then shrunk)

Question 5

what does ectopic mean?

Answer 5

“Ectopic” means “out of place” or “occurring in an abnormal position”

Question 6

Answer 6

*all these bad boys are congenital issues

Question 7

Which of the following congenital anomalies would severely compromise kidney function?
a. Unilateral renal aplasia
b. Renal hypoplasia
c. Ectopic kidneys
d. Renal dysplasia
e. Bilateral renal aplasia

Answer 7

e. Bilateral renal aplasia - that’s literally no kidneys, and they’re essential. embryo is incompatible with life.

Question 8

what is this condition called? (from a cat, note the paleness and prominent blood vessels)

Answer 8

horse shoe kidney (a congenital condition)

Question 9

what is this condition called? common in longhaired cat breeds

Answer 9

polycystic kidney

Question 10

Suppurative diseases are caused by…

Answer 10

by bacteria that localise within a tissue and cause a marked cellular inflammatory response with pus formation - in the kidneys the bacteria either comes from the blood (embolic bacterial nephritis or suppurative embolic nephritis)

Question 11

Suppurative embolic nephritis is usually part of a more widespread blood-borne infection affecting a range of body organs. true or false - The best example of this is sleepy foal disease in horses.

Answer 11

true

Question 12

true or false - Chronic interstitial nephritis isn’t a specific disease

Answer 12

true - it’s a descriptive pathological term that includes any kidney disease where there is fibrosis and chronic inflammation in the interstitium

Question 13

Leptospirosis lesions in reservoir hosts and white-spotted kidneys in cattle are good examples of…
a. chronic interstitial nephritis
b. suppurative embolic nephritis

Answer 13

a. chronic interstitial nephritis

Question 14

Answer 14

Question 15

Silver stained section of kidney from a cow with leptospirosis. Leptospires show up as fine black filaments around the edges of the tubular lumens. Based on the diagram and images above, what do you think you would find in the urine of this cow?

Answer 15

1. Leptospires (this is their mechanism for getting out of the reservoir host and into the environment)
2. Inflammatory cells + necrotic tubular epithelial cells + inflammatory protein. The inflammatory protein in the tubules acts like glue and sticks the cells together to form a tubule-shaped cast of cellular debris. These are called ‘granular casts’

Question 16

Answer 16

generalised oedema, proteinuria, hypoalbuminaemia

Question 17

what are protein losing nephropathies caused by?

Answer 17

leaky glomerular filtration barrier

Question 18

what are the five abnormalities that happen with protein losing nephropathies, that make up nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 18

• hypoalbuminaemia, generalised oedema, proteinuria
• thrombosis (loss of anticlotting proteins, they’re small like albumin)
• hypercholesterolaemia

Question 19

what are the two main mechanisms of damage to the glomerular filtration barrier?

Answer 19

1. Immune mediated glomerulonephritis
2. Glomerular amyloidosis

Question 20

what are the three layers of the glomerular filtration barrier?

Answer 20

1. The endothelial layer of the glomerular capillaries
2. The basement membrane (also known as basal lamina)
3. The foot processes of the epithelial cells (podocytes) that make up the inner layer of Bowman’s capsule by lining the capillaries