Renal Flashcards
(32 cards)
symptoms of UTI
dysuria urinary frequency haematuria urinary urgency suprapubic pain/tenderness
investigations in UTI
urine dipstick
urine microscopy
urine culture and sensitivity
Treatment of UTI
oral antibiotic therapy
Describe benign prostatic hyperplasia
increase in benign prostatic tissue and prostatic smooth muscle tone mediated by alpha adrenergic receptors
symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia
storage symptoms
voiding symptoms
urinary retention
Benign prostatic hyperplasia investigations
urinalysis
PSA
US
Benign prostatic hyperplasia treatment
non-bothersome; watchful waiting
Bothersome
- alpha blocker
- 5 alpha reductase inhibitor phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor
- anticholinergic
symptoms of prostatic cancer
nocturia
urinary frequency
urinary hesitancy
dysuria
investigations for prostatic cancer
PSA
testosterone
LFTs
FBC
Treatment for prostatic cancer
observe if low risk
brachytherapy
external beam radiotherapy
radical prostatectomy ± lymph node
Describe bladder cancer
> 90% transitional
Bladder cancer symptoms
haematuria
dysuria
urinary frequency
Bladder cancer diagnosis
urinalysis urine cytology Bladder and renal US CT urogram cystoscopy
bladder cancer treatment
transurethral resection
intravesical chemotherapy
If invasive
- cystectomy w/ pelvic lymph node dissection
Renal carcinoma symptoms
85% of renal cancers
asymptomatic haematuria flank pain signs of hepatic dysfunction myoneuropathy lower limb oedema
Renal carcinoma investigations
FBC LFTs coagulation profile creatinine urinalysis abdo/pelvic US
treatment of renal carcinoma
Surgery
If non-surgical candidate; surveillance, local ablation i.e. radiofrequency ablation
symptoms of kidney stones
acute, severe flank pain
nausea and vomiting
urinary frequency/urgency
haematuria
diagnosis of kidney stones
FBC urinalysis serum electrolytes urea and creatinine CT scan pregnancy test US
treatment of kidney stones
conservative management; analgesia (NSAIDs, IV paracetamol), antiemetics
<10mm = medical expulsive therapy i.e. alpha blocker tamsulosin
> 10mm = surgical
- shockwave lithotripsy
- ureteroscopy
What are the types of glomerulonephritis?
proliferative (nephritic)
- IgA nephropathy
- post infectious
- rapidly progressive
Non-proliferative (nephrotic)
- minimal change
- focal segmental
- membranous
What are nephritic symptoms?
Haematuria Red cell casts Small amount proteinuria mild hypertension low urine vol <300ml/day
What are nephrotic symptoms?
proteinuria frothy urine hypoalbuminaemia oedema hyperlipidaemia
Investigations of glomerulonephritis
urinalysis GFR FBC ESR CRP albumin/creatinine ratio US kidneys
