Renal

Question 1

what filters first when blood enters the glomerulus? where does it enter?

Answer 1

water
Na
glucose

boweman’s space

Question 2

where are podocytes found?

Answer 2

wrap around basement membrane of the glomerulus

Question 3

what should NOT be in filtrate?

Answer 3

RBC

large proteins

Question 4

what is in the wall of the afferent arteriole that helps control BP?

Answer 4

juxtaglomerular cells

Question 5

what do juxtaglomerular cells produce? what does this do?

Answer 5

renin (produced in response to low BP)

reabsorb Na
increase blood volume
vasoconstruction

Question 6

what is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?

Answer 6

water
Na, Cl, K
glucose
uric acid
amino acids

Question 7

what is reabsorbed in the descending LOH?

Answer 7

water

Question 8

what is reabsorbed in the ascending LOH?

Answer 8

Na, Cl, K

Question 9

what is reabsorbed in the distal convuluted tubule?

Answer 9

Na, Cl, K
Ca
Mg
HCO3

Question 10

what is reabsorbed in the collecting duct?

Answer 10

Na, Cl
urea
H20

Question 11

what is secreted in the proximal convoluted tubule?

Answer 11

creatinine

H+

Question 12

what is secreted in the distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 12

H+

K (Na/K transporter)

Question 13

for HCO3 reabsorption, where is it Na dependent/Cl dependent?

Answer 13

Na - proximal convoluted

Cl - distal

Question 14

what does aldosterone do? where does it work?

Answer 14

more Na reabsorption (raise BP)
K loss

distal convuluted
collecting ducts

Question 15

what does ADH do?

Answer 15

increases aquaporin concentration in the collecting ducts (more water retained in circulation)

Question 16

where do osmotic diuretics work? what do they do?

Answer 16

proximal convoluted tubule

increase solute conc in tubule, causes water to be kept in tubules

Question 17

where do loop diuretics work? what do they do?

Answer 17

loop of henle

prevent Cl reabsorption, consequently the same with Na/K

also Ca, Mg

Question 18

e.g of loop diuretics?

Answer 18

bumetanide

furosemide

Question 19

what hormone is released as a consequence of loop diuretics?

Answer 19

renin

due to low PV, increase Na/lose K

Question 20

where do thiazide diuretics work?

Answer 20

distal convuluted

prevent Na reabsorption by inhibiting Na/Cl transported

Question 21

what happens to Mg/Cl with thiazide diuretics?

Answer 21

Mg secretion increased

Ca decreased

Question 22

what are those taking thiazides at a risk of?

Answer 22

gout (due to increased uric acid levels)

Question 23

where do K sparing diuretics work? what do they do?

Answer 23

distal convoluted tubule

bind to aldosterone receptor, inhibits Na reabsorption and K secretion

Question 24

what do alpha pancreatic cells secrete? what does this do?

Answer 24

glucagon

breaks down glycogen/proteins to raise BM

Question 25

what do delta pancreatic cells secrete? what does this do?

Answer 25

somatostatin decrease insulin/glucose release increases GI motility

Question 26

what do beta pancreatic cells secrete? what does this do?

Answer 26

insulin glycogen make, glucose uptake

Question 27

when are ketones broken down?

Answer 27

when no glucose to be used

Question 28

what does GLP1 do?

Answer 28

slows gastric emptying | suppresses glucagon

Question 29

what does GIP do?

Answer 29

faster gastric emptying | increases insulin

Question 30

how do DPP-4 inhibitor work?

Answer 30

inhibit DPP-4 which prolongs GIP and GLP-1 (which increase insulin)

Question 31

e.g of DPP-4? what are the side effects?

Answer 31

gliptins no wt change no hypos pancreatitis

Question 32

how do SU work?

Answer 32

cause insulin secretion by closing K channels

Question 33

e.g of SU? what are the side effects?

Answer 33

gliclazide hypos can't use in CKD wt gain

Question 34

how do TZDs work?

Answer 34

enhance action of insulin at target tissues

Question 35

e.g of TZDs? what are the side effects?

Answer 35

glitazones wt gain fluid retention #

Question 36

how do SGLT-2 inhibitors work?

Answer 36

block glucose reabsorption in the PCT

Question 37

e.g of SGLT-2 inhibitors? what are the side effects?

Answer 37

dapagloflozin wt loss good in renal disease thrush/UTI