1. Renal corpuscle 2. Proximal tubule 3. Loop of henle 4. Distal tubule

RENAL BLOOD FLOW Flashcards by Kyra Catedral

Urine comes from the____

It enters the kidney → forms the urine, and leaves via the____

blood

ureter

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• Arterial supply: renal arteries from the________

The blood enters the kidney and passes through the ______coming from the_____

abdominal aorta

renal artery

abdominal aorta

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• Venous return: renal veins drain into the______

The blood that will leave the kidney will leave via the_____, which will go into the_____

inferior vena cava

renal vein

inferior vena cava

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Surround PCT and DCT

PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES

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IMMEDIATE reabsorption of essential substances from PCT happens

FINAL adjustment of urinary composition in DCT

Peritubular capillaries

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Substances that have to be reabsorbed in these tubules (PCT and DCT) are sent to the______

Facilitates reabsorption through PCT and DCT

peritubular capillaries

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Adjacent to the loop of henle

VASA RECTA

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• Major exchanges of salt and water between the blood and the medullary interstitium

• Facilitates the reabsorption with the loop of henle

Vasa Recta

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RENAL BLOOD FLOW
• In a____ person (_____body surface) → the total renal blood flow is_______

70kg; 1.73m^2

1,200 mL/min

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refers to the total blood composition composed of plasma and blood cells

Total renal blood flow

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Total renal plasma flow →______

600-700mL/min

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More than half of the total renal blood flow is the______

renal plasma

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Glomerular filtration rate →_____
Reabsorbed →______
Excreted urine →______

125 mL/min

124 mL/min

1 mL/min

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DISTRIBUTION OF BLOOD IN THE KIDNEY

RSIAC AGE PVC AIR

Renal artery
Segmental arteries
Interlobar arteries
Arcuate arteries
Cortical radiate arteries
Afferent arterioles
Glomerulus
Efferent arterioles
Peritubular capillaries
Venules
Cortical radiate veins
Arcuate veins
Interlobar artery
Renal vein

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DISTRIBUTION OF BLOOD IN THE KIDNEY

Blood enters the kidney through the_____ → will divide to form the____
→ will further subdivide into
_____→ will further branch out to form the _____→ will further subdivide to form the_____

Then, it will give rise to the____, which is the blood vessel that supplies blood to the glomerulus Inside the glomerulus, the blood will undergo filtration,

If there are components of the blood that are not filtered → sent back to the circulation through the _____→ goes to the _____ and ____→ from there, it will merge to form the_____ → will give rise to the_____ → will form the____ → the interlobar vein will send blood to exit the kidney and join the systemic circulation through the_____

renal artery

segmental artery

interlobar artery

Arcuate artery

interlobular artery

afferent arteriole

efferent arteriole

peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta

interlobular vein

arcuate vein

interlobar vein

renal vein

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• the purpose of ______is to facilitate the reabsorption of substances in their respective parts of the nephron

blood vessels

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Types of nephron

• Cortical (85%)
• Juxtamedullary (15%)

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URINE FORMATION

In order for urine to form, it has to undergo three steps:

Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion

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• Contains the renal corpuscle (____ and _____) and
the associated renal tubules

glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

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PARTS OF A NEPHRON

Renal corpuscle
Proximal tubule
Loop of henle
Distal tubule

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Proximal Tubule
• Proximal convoluted tubule or_______
• Proximal straight tubule or
______

pars convoluta

pars recta

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Distal Tubule (3)

• Thick ascending limb
• Distal convoluted tubule
• Connecting segment or the late distal tubule

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Excretion =

Filtration - Reabsorption + Secretion

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– composed of a coil of approximately 8 capillary lobes referred to as_____ enclosed within the _____

Glomerulus

capillary tufts

Bowman’s capsule

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• Filterability of solutes depend on their_____ and _____

size and charge

•______ – Nonselective filter of plasma substances

Glomerulus

• Several factors affect the filtration processes (3)

• Structure of the capillary wall • Hydrostatic and oncotic pressure • Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION When blood enters the kidneys through the _______→ undergoes filtration within the______ Substances that are not filtered will be sent to the_______ → systemic circulation Once the blood is filtered → becomes a_____ This will navigate the renal tubules until it becomes____

afferent arteriole glomerulus efferent arteriole filtrate urine

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION • Structure of the capillary wall

• Fenestrated endothelial cells • Basement membrane • Epithelial podocytes

• Fenestrated endothelial cells •______ holes (______or transcellular ‘windows’) that provide no restrictions to______ • Does not allow passage of______

80-100 nm; fenestrae; water and small solutes cells and large molecules

• a complex mesh of proteins that restricts intermediate-sized to large solutes (MW >1 kDa)

Basement Membrane

• Basement Membrane: a complex mesh of proteins that restricts intermediate-sized to large solutes (MW_____)

>1 kDa

Basement membrane • 3 layers:

lamina rara interna lamina densa lamina rara externa

• Forms the filtration slit/slit diaphragm

Epithelial podocytes

→ returning essential substances from the filrate back to the circulation Substances to be reabsorbed goes to the peritubular capillaries until they reach the renal vein

Tubular Reabsorption

→ returning essential substances from the filrate back to the circulation Substances to be reabsorbed goes to the peritubular capillaries until they reach the renal vein

Tubular Reabsorption

Any substance that was not filtered and has to be removed from the body From the peritubular capillaries → they are sent back to the tubule

TUBULAR SECRETION

4 DIFFERENT PATHWAYS SUBSTANCES NEED TO BE FILTERED FOLLOW THROUGH

• Filtration only • Filtration andPartial Reabsorption • Filtration and Complete Reabsorption • Filtration and Secretion

• Substances that are completely filtered but not reabsorbed nor secreted • One substance that follow this path is ____

Filtration only creatinine

• Substances that are filtered but undergoes partial reabsorption ______→ only a portion was reabsorbed and the other portion is excreted as part of the urine Substance that follows this path are_____ and _____

FILTRATION AND PARTIAL REABSORPTION Partial reabsorption sodium and chloride ions

• Substances that are filtered and undergoes complete reabsorption • These substances in normal conditions are not present in the urine since these substances needs to be completely reabsorbed Substances that follow this path is____ • In cases of diabetes mellitus → glucose is detected in the urine

FILTRATION AND COMPLETE REABSORPTION glucose

• Substances are filtered but they are no reabsorbed instead they are secreted • These substances enter the nephron in two ways: Glomerular filtration and tubular secretion • Substances that follow this path are_____ and _____

FILTRATION AND SECRETION organic acids and bases

Filtration only

Creatinine

FILTRATION AND PARTIAL REABSORPTION

Sodium and chloride

FILTRATION AND COMPLETE REABSORPTION

Glucose

FILTRATION AND SECRETION

Organic acid and bases

2 blood vessels connected to the glomerulus

Afferent arteriole Efferent arteriole

• facilitates entry of blood towards the glomerulus

Afferent arteriole

• It is the arteriole To induce an increase in the blood flow towards the glomerulus

Afferent arteriole

facilitates exit of blood from the gomerulus

Efferent arteriole

_______→ where the blood components stay In the endothelial cells, the spaces are called_____

Capillary lumen fenestrae

First line of filtration

FENESTRATED ENDOTHELIAL CELLS

provide no restrictions to water and small solutes Does not allow passage of cells and large molecules

FENESTRATED ENDOTHELIAL CELLS

Second layer of filtration

GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE

GBM ______ Directly ***beside the endothelial cells*** ______ ***Middle layer*** of the basement _______ Layer ***beside podocytes***

lamina rara interna lamina densa lamina rara externa

The podocytes have long foot processes called______ → are closely linked to each other

pedicels

SHIELD OF NEGATIVITY The______ are richly endowed with fixed negative charges that hinder the passage of plasma proteins which are negatively charged Only _______substances can pass through Thus, normally,______ are not seen in the urine because they are repelled by the capillary wall

fenestrations small and positively charged proteins

SHIELD OF NEGATIVITY _________ greatly hinders proteins, partly because of strong negative electrical charges associated with ______ Rich in other proteoglycans such as____ and ____

Basement membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans laminin and agrin

SHIELD OF NEGATIVITY Podocytes are covered by______ with negative charges

glycoproteins

S H I E L D O F N E G A T I V I T Y • The_______ are richly endowed with fixed negative charges that hinder the passage of plasma proteins •_______ greatly hinders filtration of plasma proteins, partly because of strong negative electrical charges associated with heparan sulfate proteoglycans •______ are covered by glycoproteins with negative charge

fenestrations Basement membrane Podocytes

3 pressures

Hydrostatic pressure Oncotic pressure Capsular pressure

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (____) Bowman's capsule colloid osmotic pressure (___) Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure (___) Glomerular capillary colloid osmotic pressure (___)

60 0 18 32

_____forces water and most solutes in blood plasma across the wall of glomerular capillaries Fluid is filtered and becomes____

Blood pressure glomerular filtrate

FORCES IN GLOMERULAR FILTRATION These pressure are acting inside the renal corpuscle _________→ are brought about by the presence of proteins in the blood vessel

Colloid osmotic pressure

FORCES FAVOURING FILTRATION (mm Hg)

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (60) Bowman's capsule colloid osmotic pressure (0)

FORCES OPPOSING FILTRATION (mm Hg)

Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure (18) Glomerular capillary colloid osmotic pressure (32)

Refers to the ***pressure exerted by the afferent arteriole*** as it pushes fluid inside the glomerulus This pressure is much higher than the bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure since it carries more fluid

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (60)

→ since there are no protein inside the bowman's capsule since it was already repelled back to the efferent arteriole

Bowman's capsule colloid osmotic pressure (0)

Pressure of the fluid inside the bowmann's capsule that will attempt to oppose the pressure exerted by the glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure (18)

Pressure exerted by the proteins at the glomerular capillary The proteins that are travelling inside the glomerulus that are waiting for entry will oppose since they are heavy solutes → thus, exerting pressure against the plasma fluid entering the glomerulus

Glomerular capillary colloid osmotic pressure (32)

Net filtration pressure Formula and solution

• Glomerular hydrostatic pressure – ( Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) + Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP)) • 60 mm Hg – (32 mm Hg + 18 mm Hg) • 10 mm Hg

Renin angiotensin aldosterone system JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS • Consists of: •________in afferent arteriole sense the blood pressure (secretes renin) •_______ in the DCT sense the sodium in the filtrate

Juxtaglomerular cells Macula densa

JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS • Consists of: • Juxtaglomerular cells in afferent arteriole sense the_____(secretes renin) • Macula densa in the DCT sense the____ in the filtrate

blood pressure sodium

• As a result of the glomerular mechanisms: • Approximately______ of water-containing low molecular weight substances are ***filtered every minute***

120 mL

• The only difference between the urine filtrate and plasma is the absence of_____

proteins

• Analysis of the fluids as it leaves the glomerulus shows to have specific gravity of_____

1.010

RENAL BLOOD FLOW Flashcards

(76 cards)