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renal diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

Diseases that are most often immune mediated

A

Glomerular Diseasesq

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2
Q

Exposure to chemicals, toxinx, and amyloid materials

A

Non immunologic glomerular disease

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3
Q

Acute onset of grossly visible hematuria
RBC casts
Mild to moderate proteinuria
Hypertension
Oliguria

A

Nephritic Syndrome

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4
Q

Basement thickening because of the deposition of ___ materials from systemic disorder?

A

Glomerular disease; amyloid material

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5
Q

The term ____ refers to sterile, inflammatory process that affects the glomerulus and is associated with the finding of blood, protein, and casts in urine?

A

Glomerulonephritis

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6
Q

Respiratory infection caused by group A streptococcus

A

Acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis

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7
Q

Deposition of
immune
complexes
formed in
response to
Group A
Streptococcal
infection on the _______

A

Acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis; Glomerular membrane

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8
Q

Marked by the sudden onset of symptoms consistent with
glomerular membrane damage

A

Acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis

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9
Q

Signs and symptoms: edema around the eyes, fever, fatigue, hypertension

A

Acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis

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10
Q

in Acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis there is a increase in what?

A

BUN and ASO titer

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11
Q

contains M protein in the cell wall and deposited in the glomerulus

A

Acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis

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12
Q

More serious form of
acute glomerular
disease that involves
deposition of
immune complexes
from systemic
immune disorders

A

Rapidly Progressive/Crescentic Glomerulonephritis

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13
Q

Damaged glomeruli
allow release of cells
and fibrin into the
Bowman’s capsule
leading to
crescentic
formation and
pressure changes

A

/Crescentic Glomerulonephritis

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14
Q

more severe, there is cellular proliferation of epithelial cells insede the bowman’s capsule that forms crescent which are related to SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS

A

Crescentic Glomerulonephritis

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15
Q

deposition of Antiglomerular Basement Membrane
Ab which is cytotoxic to collagen leading
to complement activation and capillary
destruction

A

Goodpasteur Syndrome

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16
Q

what is deposited on Goodpasteur syndrome that is cytotoxic?

A

Antiglomerular Basement Membrane antibody

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17
Q

Goodpasteur syndrome; deposition of Antiglomerular Basement Membrane antibody in the?

A

Glomerular and alveolar basement membrane

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18
Q

deposition of Antiglomerular Basement Membrane
Ab which is cytotoxic to collagen leading
to ___ and ___?

A

Complement activation and capillary destruction

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19
Q

May lead to chronic glomerulonephritis
and end-stage renal disease

A

Goodpasteur Syndrome

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20
Q

 Signs and symptoms: hemoptysis and
dyspnea

A

Goodpasteur Syndrome

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21
Q

(+) Antineutrophilic Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA) that targets
neutrophils in
the vascular
walls initiating
immune
response and
granuloma
formation in the
lungs and
kidneys

A

Wegener’s Granulomatosis

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22
Q

causes granuloma producing inflammation of the small blood vessels primarily of the kidneys and the respiratory system

A

Wegener’s Granulomatosis

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23
Q

Wegener’s Granulomatosis is positive for?

A

Antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody

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24
Q

increase of what in Wegener’s granulomatosis?

A

increase serum BUN and creatinine

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25
 Allergic purpura that causes decrease in the number of platelets and affects vascular integrity
Henoch-Schonlein Purpura
26
Signs and symptoms: red skin patches, blood in sputum and stool
Henoch-Schonlein Purpura
27
this usually occurs in children after upper respiratory infection
Henoch-Schonlein Purpura
28
 Involves IgG deposition on the glomerular membrane leading to pronounced thickening
Membranous Glomerulonephritis
29
Seen in SLE, Sjogren’s syndrome, secondary syphilis and hepatitis B infection
Membranous Glomerulonephritis
30
this develop and increase the tendecies for thrombosis
Membranous Glomerulonephritis
31
pronounce thickening of the glomerular basement membrane resulting from the deposition of IgG immune complexes
Membranous Glomerulonephritis
32
Cellular proliferation affecting capillary walls or the glomerular basement membrane
. Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis
33
Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis other lab findings?
decreased serum complement
34
what type of Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis? increased cellularity in the sub-endothelial cells of the mesangium that may progress to nephrotic syndrome
Type 1 Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis
35
what type of Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis? Extremely dense deposits in the glomerular basement membrane which is a chronic glomerulonephritis
Type 2 Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis
36
Gradual worsening of symptoms leading to loss of kidney function
Chronic Glomerulonephritis
37
Other lab findings: increased BUN and creatinine, electrolyte imbalance
Chronic Glomerulonephritis
38
may progress to renal failure and the duration of the damage of the kidney may progress to ____ and end stage renal disease may occur
Chronic Glomerulonephritis
39
Nephritic or nephrotic? Hypertension
Nephritic syndrome
40
Nephritic or nephrotic? inflammation of the glomeruli
nephritic syndrome
41
Nephritic or nephrotic? cola colored urine/hematuria
Nephritic
42
Nephritic or nephrotic? berger's disease (IgA nephropathy)
Nephritic
43
BErger's disease is also known as ?
IgA nephropathy
44
is the most common cause of primary glomerulonephritis
Berger's disease
45
Nephritic or nephrotic? hypoalbuminemia
Nephrotic syndrome
46
47
Nephritic or nephrotic? Hyperlipidemia
Nephrotic
48
Nephritic or nephrotic? massive proteinuria
nephrotic
49
Nephritic or nephrotic? peripheral edema
Nephrotic
50
igA deposition on the glomerular membrane leading to thickening
IgA nephropathy/Berger’s Disease
51
 most common cause of glomerulonephritis
IgA nephropathy/Berger’s Disease
52
Acute onset may occur as a result of circulatory disruption causing systemic shock and decrease in blood pressur
. Nephrotic Syndrome
53
Involves membrane damage and changes in the electrical charges of the basement membrane leading to the passage of high molecular weight proteins and lipids into the urine
Nephrotic Syndrome
54
Loss of albumin causes decrease in capillary oncotic pressure and edema
Nephrotic Syndrome
55
disruption of the electrical charges of the basement membrane leading to massive loss of proteins and lipids
nephrotic syndrome
56
Heavy proteinuria in nephrotic syndrome is?
>3.5g/day
57
nephrotic syndrome Other lab findings: decreased ___, increased ____
dec serum albumin; inc serum lipids
58
Inherited disease that affects the glomerular basement membrane (lamellated appearance with areas of thinning)
Alport Syndrome
59
inherited sex linked or autosomal genetic disorder showing lamellated and thinning of the glomerular basement membrane
Alport Syndrome
60
Disruption of podocytes and shield of negativity which increases the filtration of protein occurring primarily in children following allergic reactions and immunizations
minimal change disease
61
lipid nephrosis
minimal change disease
62
little cellular changes
minimal change disease
63
unknown etiology associations includes allergic reaction, immunizations, possession to HLA B12, and this disease responds to corticosteroids?
minimal change disease
64
Disruption of the podocytes in certain areas of the glomerulus but other parts remain normal
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
65
Associated with heroin and analgesic abuse, and AIDS
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
66
Most common cause of end-stage renal disease
Diabetic Nephropathy/Kimmelstiel-Wilson
67
Glomerular damage may be due capillary thickening, increase proliferation of the mesangial cells, increase deposition of cellular and non-cellular materials
Diabetic Nephropathy/Kimmelstiel-Wilson
68
glycosylated protein caused by poorly controlled blood glucose levels
Diabetic Nephropathy/Kimmelstiel-Wilso
69
the mesangial cells which plays a central role in glomerulat function which modulated glomerular capillary blood flow and ultrafiltration surface area and in addition, this mesangial cells are both a source and target for vasoactive molecules growth factors and extracellular matrix proteins
Diabetic Nephropathy/Kimmelstiel-Wilson
70
findings: microalbuminuria, (+) Micral test
Diabetic Nephropathy/Kimmelstiel-Wilson
71
May be due to actual tubule damage, and metabolic or hereditary disorders
TUBULAR DISEASES
72
results from infection and toxic substances
TUBULAR DISEASES
73
73
affects the renal tubules
TUBULAR DISEASES
74
Damage to the renal tubular epithelial cells due to ischemia and nephrotoxic agents
Acute Tubular Necrosis
75
odorless urine
Acute Tubular Necrosis
76
Failure of tubular reabsorption in the PCT (glucose, amino acids, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate and water)
Fanconi’s Syndrome
77
causes cytinosis and hartnup's disease
Fanconi’s Syndrome
78
cystine accumulation in the cell
cystinosis
79
accumulation of tryptophan in the cell
Hartnup disease
80
Inherited defect of tubular response to ADH or acquired from medications
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
81
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus findings:
Low specific gravity, polyuria, pale yellow color
82
failure of the hypothalamus to produce ADH
neurogenic diabetes insipidus
83
failure of the tubules to respond to ADH
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
84
inherited defect int hte productionod uromodulin by the renal tubules
uromodulin associated kidney disease
85
increased uric acid causing gout
uromodulin associated kidney disease
86
affects only the reabsorption of glucose
renal glycosuria
87
normal blood glucose due to defective tubular reabsorption
Renal glycosuria
88
Affects only the reabsorption of glucose
renal glycosuria
89
renal treshold of glucose?
160-180 mg/dl
90
Disorders affecting the interstitium also affects the tubules due to their close proximity
TUBULOINTERSTITIAL DISEASES
91
Majority of these disorders involve infections and inflammatory conditions
TUBULOINTERSTITIAL DISEASES
92
Most common renal disease that involves the lower urinary tract (urethra and bladder) or the upper urinary tract (renal pelvis, tubules and interstitium)
Urinary Tract Infection
93
lower urinary tract
urethra and bladder
94
upper urinary tract
renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitium
95
Urinalysis: hematuria, RTE cells, RTE casts, other casts, hyaline, granular, and broad cast
Acute Tubular Necrosis
96
can be heriditary and metabolic disorder
Fanconi’s syndrome
97
uromodulin is also known as
Tamm horsfall protein- most abundant protein in urine
98
findings: rte cell and hyperuricemia
Uromodulin associated kidney disease
99
infection of the urinary bladder, lower urinary tract infection, common in woman and children
cystitis
100
bacterial infection of the urinary bladder
cystitis
101
positive for WBC, bacteria, hematuria, mild proteinuria, increased pH
cystitis
102
affects the renal tubules and interstitium, upper urinary tract infection
acute pyelonephritis
103
begins in the urethra and bladder and travels up to both of the kidneys
Acute pyelonephritis
104
difference cystitis and acute pyelonephritis
presence of bacterial cast in acute pyelonephritis
105
Allergic inflammation of the renal interstitium in response to certain medications
Acute Interstitial Nephritis
106
ascending movement of bacteria
Acute pyelonephritis
107
infection of the renal tubules and interstitium, reflux of urine from the bladder and untreated cystitis
Acute pyelonephritis
108
different leukocyte couns
acute interstitial nephritis
109
disease that has no bacteria since allergic inflammation only
Acute Interstitial Nephritis
110
 Formation of stones in the renal calyces, renal pelvis, ureters and bladder
Renal Calculi/Lithiasis
111
more severe form of pyelonephritis that can result to permanent damage of the renal tubules
chronic pyelonephritis
112
recurrent infection of renal tubules and interstitium caused by structural abnormalities affecting the flow of urine
Chronic pyelonephritis
113
*PROGRESSION TO END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE:
RENAL FAILURE
114
Marked decreased in GFR(<25mL/min)
RENAL FAILURE
115
*Steady rise in BUN AND CREATININE is termed?
azotemia
116
TELESCOPED URINE SEDIMENTS
RENAL FAILURE
117
*Electrolyte imbalance * Lack of renal concentrating ability producing an isosthenuric urine *Proteinuria, Renal glycosuria
RENAL FAILURE
118
*GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS: * Decreased GFR * OLIGURIA * Edema * Azotemia
ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
119
due to accumulationof non-filtered substances
edema
120
May be passed in the urine and obstruct the urinary tract
Renal Calculi/Lithiasis
121
Conditions favoring the formation of renal calculi
1. pH 2. Chemical concentration 3. Urinary stasis
122
Major constituent of renal calculi
Calcium oxalate/phosphate (~75%)
123
Primary Calculi Constituents; Very hard, dark in color with rough surface - May be due to metabolic disorders or diet
Calcium oxalate/phosphate (~75%)
124
Primary Calculi Constituents; Frequently accompanied by UTI involving urea-splitting bacteria -
Magnesium ammonium phosphate:
125
Primary Calculi Constituents: Formed in the pelvis – resembling antlers of deer
Magnesium ammonium phosphate:
126
Primary Calculi Constituents:associated with increased intake of foods with high purine content
Uric acid:
127
Primary Calculi Constituents:Yellowish to brownish red and moderately hard
Uric acid:
128
129
Primary Calculi Constituents:seen in conjunction with hereditary disorders of cysteine metabolism
Cystine
130
Primary Calculi Constituents: - Yellow-brown, greasy and resembles an old soap
Cystine
131
Primary Calculi Constituents: Least common calculi (1-2%)
Cystine
132
a procedure using high-energy shock waves, can be used to break stones located in the upper urinary tract into pieces that can then be passed in the urine. Surgical removal also can be employed.
LITHOTRIPSY
133
which plays a central role in glomerulat function which modulated glomerular capillary blood flow and ultrafiltration surface area and in addition
Mesangial cells
134
It is a source and target for vasoactive molecules growth factors and extracellular matrix proteins
Mesangial cells

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