Renal Failure Flashcards
(16 cards)
Renal failure = ______
Loss of function (>75% loss)
What is the functional reserve of the kidneys
75%
What is Polyuria? What compensatory mechanism may be seen with PU?
due to failure of sodium and water reabsorption in tubules
may see compensatory Polydipsia
Oliguria
passing a reduced urine volume
Anuria
absence or defective excretion of urine
What is Isosthenuria
urine concentration is the same as plasma
What is the Urine Specific Gravity range for Isosthenuria
1.008-1.012
What does Isosthenuria indicate and when is it seen
urine conc. is the same as glomerular filtration rate b/c the tubules cannot effectively concentrate the urine
seen with loss of renal function
Proteinuria
the presence of excess protein in the urine
Azotemia
elevated serum concentration of nitrogenous waste products (Urea and Creatinine)
When does Azotemia occur
when there is >75% loss of nephrons
Uremia
Syndrome characterized by numerous lesions and clinical signs caused by toxic levels of nitrogenous waste products in the blood associated with renal failure (uremic syndrome)
Uremic Syndrome can cause systemic lesions by 2 mechanisms
- Endothelial injury resulting in vasculitis, thrombosis, infarction (uremic vasculopathy)
- Caustic injury to epithelium of mucosal surfaces due to production of large amts of ammonia by urea splitting bacteria (uremic toxicity)
Additional systemic, non-renal lesions of uremic syndrome include
ulcerative colitis, vascular thrombosis, fibrinous percarditis, pulmonary edema, endocaridal mineralization, intercostal mineralization, and other soft tissue mineralization
What are the ways in which renal failure can lead to death
- cardiotoxicity of elevated serum potassium (hyperkalemia) - can lead to fatal cardiac arrhythmia
- Metabolic acidosis
- pulmonary edema
Causes of renal failure can be separated into 3 groups
- Pre-renal
- Intra-renal
- Post-renal
