Renal Failure

Question 1

A decrease in kidney funtion resulting in insufficient filtration of waste products from the blood

Answer 1

Renal failure

Question 2

Acute insult that produces rapid loss of kidney function

Answer 2

Acute renal failure

Question 3

Is acute renal failure reversible?

Answer 3

Yes

Question 4

Progressive deterioration of kidney function

Answer 4

Chronic renal failure

Question 5

Is chronic renal failure reversible

Answer 5

usually not

Question 6

What determines renal failure?

Answer 6

A decrease in GFR
Reflected as a decrease or absence of urine
Reflected as a increase in was products Cr or Urea

Question 7

Name 6 changes with renal failure

Answer 7

hematuria or proteinuria
edema
decreased calcium
increased potassium
increased phosphate
anemia (later sign)

Question 8

What contributes to anemia in renal failure

Answer 8

Compromise of renal function
Unable to release erythropoietin
reduces the number of blood cells per volume

Question 9

Three underlying causes of renal failure

Answer 9

prerenal
intrarenal
postrenal

Question 10

Indicates that the underlying cause is due to marked decrease in renal blood flow

Answer 10

Prerenal failure

Question 11

Indicates that the underlying cause is damage to structures within the kidney

Answer 11

Intrinsic/Intrarenal failure

Question 12

Indicates that the underlying cause is with problems with the urinary tract or outflow from the kidney

Answer 12

Postrenal failure

Question 13

Most common form of acute renal failure

Answer 13

prerenal disease

Question 14

What causes renal ischemia

Answer 14

systemic hypotension (heart failure, hypovolemia)
shock
other conditions that decrease renal perfusion

Question 15

How does prerenal failure manifest?

Answer 15

oliguria and

a disproportionate elevation of BUN to CR ratio

Question 16

Normal BUN/CR

Answer 16

10:1

Question 17

BUN/Cr ratio in renal failure

Answer 17

moves to greater than 20:1

Question 18

Is prerenal disease reversible?

Answer 18

Yes if the problem can be identified and corrected to restore blood flow before damage to kidney has occurred.

Question 19

Causes of intrinsic renal failure

Answer 19

any disease that injures or damages structures within the kidney
glomerularnephritis
pyelonephritis
rhabdomyolysis

Question 20

Most common cause of intrinsic renal disease

Answer 20

Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)

Question 21

Involves release of myoglobin and can lead to ATN

Answer 21

rhabdomyolysis

Question 22

Most common underlying cause of postrenal disease

Answer 22

Prostatic hyperplasia

Question 23

Causes of postrenal failure

Answer 23

Obstruction of
ureter (calculi/strictures)
bladder (tumors or neurogenic)
urethra (prostatic hyperplasia)

Question 24

most common cause of hyperkalemia

Answer 24

decreased renal function

Question 25

diuresis, antagonist to aldosterone, increase water and Na excretion

Answer 25

ANP

Question 26

CHF patients produce more of what?

Answer 26

ANP | therefor increase diuresis and decrease blood volume (BNP levels elevate)

Question 27

Anemia in renal patients due to

Answer 27

low levels of erythropoietin

Question 28

Hallmark with renal failure is

Answer 28

hypoalbuminemia

Question 29

Increase BUN and Cr due to

Answer 29

decrease GFR

Question 30

A powerful vasoconstrictor

Answer 30

Angiotensin II

Question 31

The kidneys regulate vitamin D activity by

Answer 31

converting the inactive form of vitamin D to calcitriol, the active form

Question 32

Five stages used to classify chronic kidney disease

Answer 32

``` Damage with normal or increase GFR Damage with mild decrease GFR Moderate decrease in GFR Severe decrease in GFR Kidney failure ```

Question 33

Progressive loss of renal function over a period of months or years

Answer 33

Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

Question 34

What happens in CKD?

Answer 34

destruction of renal tissue with irreversible sclerosis and loss of nephron function

Question 35

Most common causes of CKD

Answer 35

diabetes mellitus HTN Glomerulonephritis

Question 36

Treatments for CKD

Answer 36

dialysis | transplant

Question 37

General condition of elevated serum levels of nitrogen-containing substances (urea, creatinine, and uric acid)

Answer 37

Azotemia

Question 38

True or false: azotemia typically affect other systems in the body

Answer 38

False | it doesn't affect other systems

Question 39

Clinical syndrome of renal failure with azotemia where blood is not being filtered due to ARF

Answer 39

uremia

Question 40

Accumulation of urea that causes a group of symptoms associated with renal failure

Answer 40

uremic syndrome

Question 41

Uremia includes

Answer 41

``` azotemia acidosis hyperkalemia HTN anemia hypocalcemia ```

Question 42

True or false: uremia can cause dysfunctions in other body systems

Answer 42

True

Question 43

What is the difference between uremic syndrome and uremia?

Answer 43

Uremic syndrome only involves urea

Question 44

Uremia is usually observed in what?

Answer 44

chronic kidney disease