Kidney structure and function

Question 1

Renal system is responsible for

Answer 1

regulation of water

ion homeostasis

Question 2

Renal system helps remove

Answer 2

metabolic wastes
urea,uric acid,creatinine
toxins

Question 3

Hormones secreted by kidneys

Answer 3

erythropoietin
renin
activates vitamin D3

Question 4

Bowman capsule and glomerulus form

Answer 4

renal corpuscle

Question 5

Renal artery supplies

Answer 5

20% of CO

Question 6

Removal of substances from blood into renal tubule at glomerulus

Answer 6

filtration

Question 7

Removal of substances from blood into renal tubule at peritubular capillaries

Answer 7

secretion

Question 8

Return of substances from renal tubule into blood at peritubular capillaries

Answer 8

reabsorption

Question 9

Removal of substances from renal tubule through urine

Answer 9

excretion

Question 10

Almost all reabsorption occurs where?

Answer 10

PCT (proximal tubules)

Question 11

Part of nephron that absorbs Na, Cl and H20 equally

Answer 11

PCT

Question 12

Part of nephron that controls urine concentration

Answer 12

Loop of Henle

Question 13

What part of nephron is impermeable to water?

Answer 13

ascending loop of henle (diluting segment)

distal convoluted tubule

Question 14

Part of nephron where most water is reabsorbed

Answer 14

collecting tubules

Question 15

Part of nephron where site of aldosterone

Answer 15

distal convoluted tubule

Question 16

Part of nephron where site of ADH

Answer 16

collecting tubules

Question 17

What happens at proximal tubules?

Answer 17

Na actively transported

Almost all reabsoption occurs

Question 18

What happens at Loop of Henle?

Answer 18

Na and K, 2Cl reabsorbed

Generation of interstitial salt gradient

Question 19

What happens at distal convoluted tubule

Answer 19

Na reabsorption
K reabsorption and secretion
Hydrogen ion secretion

Question 20

What cells are responsible for secretion of H+

Answer 20

intercalated cells

found in distal convoluted tubule

Question 21

What cells are ADH-mediated H2O reabsorption

Answer 21

principle cells

found in distal convoluted tubule

Question 22

What happens at collecting tubules?

Answer 22

Water reabsorbed

Question 23

What is the driving force for glomerular filtration

Answer 23

hydrostatic pressure

Question 24

What force opposes filtration

Answer 24

osmotic

Question 25

The volume filtered from the glomeruli into Bowman's space per unit time

Answer 25

GFR

Question 26

Average GFR

Answer 26

125ml/min | 180 liters/day

Question 27

A potent vasoconstricting factor

Answer 27

Angiotensin II

Question 28

What does angiotensin II in kidneys?

Answer 28

acts on renal tubules for increase Na reabsorption

Question 29

How does angiotensin II affect renal blood vessels?

Answer 29

constricts them causing decrease in GFR therefore less filtered Na

Question 30

Where is aldosterone released?

Answer 30

from the adrenal cortex

Question 31

What does aldosterone do in kidneys?

Answer 31

facilitates Na reabsorption | increases K elimination

Question 32

What is ANP?

Answer 32

atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 33

Hormone released from cells of the cardiac atria in response to increased stretcher and work

Answer 33

ANP

Question 34

What does ANP work against

Answer 34

aldosterone

Question 35

Effects of ANP

Answer 35

Plays a role in salt and water excretion by inhibiting the reabsorption of Na and water in renal tubules Inhibits renin secretion and therefore angiotensin II formation in turn reducing reabsorption of Na counter fluid-conserving effects to reduce blood volume,

Question 36

Name three endocrine systems at work in the renal system

Answer 36

Renin-Angiotensin System (angiotensin II and aldosterone) ADH ANP

Question 37

Process of emptying the urinary bladder

Answer 37

Micturition

Question 38

Measure of urea in the blood

Answer 38

BUN

Question 39

What blood level reflects GFR and functional capacity of kidneys?

Answer 39

creatinine

Question 40

Where is urea formed

Answer 40

in the liver as a by-product of protein metabolism | only eliminated by kidneys

Question 41

What happens to BUN levels in dehydration

Answer 41

elevate

Question 42

Normal BUN/Cr ratio

Answer 42

10:1 | >15:1 represent prerenal conditions

Question 43

Normal BUN

Answer 43

8,0-20.0

Question 44

Normal Cr

Answer 44

0.6-1.2

Question 45

The amount of some substance that is cleared from the blood by the kidneys

Answer 45

creatinine clearance | can be used to estimate GFR

Question 46

Diuretics that act at proximal tubule to shift the osmotic balance

Answer 46

osmotic diuretics | Mannitol

Question 47

Diuretics that work by inhibiting transporters in the loop of Henle

Answer 47

Loop diuretics | Lasix

Question 48

Diuretics that block the NaCL sumporter in the DCT to block NA reabsorption

Answer 48

Thiazide diuretics | Also used for kidney stones

Question 49

Diuretics that inhibit aldosterone, blocking Na reabsorption and increasing K retention

Answer 49

Potassium sparing diuretics (spironolactone)

Question 50

Glomerular structure

Answer 50

Fenestrated capillary endothelium Incomplete basement membrane Podocyte slots or slit pores

Question 51

Basement membrane

Answer 51

is negatively charged that repels negatively charged plasma proteins

Question 52

Glomeruli act as a sieve retaining

Answer 52

plasma proteins and blood cells