Renal IX: Hypertension

Question 1

ACEIs and ARBS ________ decrease TPR/decrease CO

Answer 1

decrease TPR

Question 2

Beta-Blockers ________ decrease TPR/decrease CO

Answer 2

decrease CO

Question 3

Causes of primary hyperaldosteronism

Answer 3

Adrenal adenoma, adrenal gland hyperplasia

Question 4

Causes of renal parenchymal hypertension (3)

Answer 4

Glomerulonephritis, Hereditary kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy

Question 5

Causes of renovascular hypertension

Answer 5

Fibromuscular dysplasia, atherosclerosis

Question 6

Causes of Secondary Hypertension (4)

Answer 6

Renovascular hypertension, Renal parenchymal hypertension, Hyperaldosteronism, Pheochromocytoma

Question 7

Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers ________ decrease TPR/decrease CO

Answer 7

decrease TPR

Question 8

High intracellular Na in VSMCs increases activity of the _______.

Answer 8

Na/Ca exchanger

Question 9

In the ____ hypothesis, there is an inability to excrete sodium

Answer 9

Guyton’s

Question 10

In the _____ hypothesis, there is inhibition of the Na/K ATPase in VSMCs

Answer 10

Cellular

Question 11

Increased sodium results in volume expansion; autoregulation is responsible for ______ PVR

Answer 11

increased

Question 12

Loop diuretics cause ____calcemia.

Answer 12

Hypo-

Question 13

Name the drug class for each part of the tubule: proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, collecting duct

Answer 13

Acetazolamide; loop diuretics; thiazide diuretics; aldosterone antagonists/sodium channel blockers

Question 14

Non dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers ________ decrease TPR/decrease CO

Answer 14

decrease CO and TPR

Question 15

Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of the ______ resulting from excess _______.

Answer 15

adrenal medulla; catecholamines

Question 16

Prevalence of hypertension in US

Answer 16

50 million

Question 17

Renovascular hypertension results in _______ angiotensin II levels and _______ renal blood flow

Answer 17

increased, decreased

Question 18

Renovascular hypertension results in inappropriate activation of _______ and release of _____.

Answer 18

baroreceptors; renin

Question 19

Thiazide diuretics cause ____calcemia.

Answer 19

Hyper-

Question 20

Treatment of Renovascular hypertension

Answer 20

fibromuscular dysplasia: percutaneous balloon dilatation, atherosclerosis: surgical repair

Question 21

What drug? Cough, hyperkalemia, angioedema, anemia

Answer 21

ACEIs

Question 22

What drug? decreases urethral resistance and may improve urine flow and BPH symptoms

Answer 22

alpha-1-adrenergic blockers

Question 23

What drug? hyperkalemia, amenorrhea, gynecomastia

Answer 23

Spironolactone

Question 24

What drug? hyperkalemia, anemia

Answer 24

ARBs

Question 25

What drug? hyperkalemia, hyperuricemia, glucose intolerance in diabetic patients

Answer 25

Na Channel Blockers

Question 26

What drug? hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, uric acid retention, hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hyperglycemia, hypercalcemia

Answer 26

Thiazide diuretics

Question 27

What drug? Improved bioavailability over furosemide

Answer 27

Torsemide

Question 28

What drug? interferes with calcium movements within the vascular smooth muscle to cause vasodilation

Answer 28

Hydralazine

Question 29

What drug? Longer half-life thiazide diuretic

Answer 29

Chlorthalidone

Question 30

What drug? metabolic acidosis, drowsiness, fatigue, CNS depression

Answer 30

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Question 31

What drug? nausea, headache, constipation, gingival hyperplasia, cardiac conduction defects

Answer 31

Non-Dihydropyridines

Question 32

What drug? nausea, headache, severe water loss and hypernatremia with prolonged use

Answer 32

Osmotic diuretics

Question 33

What drug? Only non-sulfa loop or thiazide diuretic

Answer 33

ethacrynic acid

Question 34

What drug? ototoxicity, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, hyponatremia, hypocalcemia, uric acid retention

Answer 34

Loop diuretics

Question 35

What drug? peripheral edema, headache, reflex tachycardia, flushing, gingival hyperplasia

Answer 35

Dihydropyridines

Question 36

What drug? potassium channel opener, causing hyperpolarization of cell membranes

Answer 36

Minoxidil

Question 37

What drug? stimulates α2-adrenergic receptors in the CNS and periphery, which reduces sympathetic nerve impulses and decreases peripheral vascular resistance

Answer 37

Clonidine/Methyldopa

Question 38

Which drug class? Inhibit Na/Cl cotransporter

Answer 38

Thiazide diuretics

Question 39

Which drug class? Inhibit Na/K/2Cl cotransporter

Answer 39

Loop diuretics

Question 40

Which drug? Aldosterone antagonist

Answer 40

spironolactone, eplerenone

Question 41

Which drug? Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

Answer 41

Acetazolamide

Question 42

Which drug? Sodium channel inhibitor

Answer 42

Amiloride, triamterene