Renal Lecture 4: Post 2nd Midterm Flashcards
(47 cards)
If one says that the renal clearance of a substance is 140 (assume normal), what does this mean?
A. 140mg of the substance is filtered out of the blood every minute
Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it:
Inhibits the release of ADH
What 3 things need to happen for the regulation of micturition.
- Detrusor muscle must contract
- Internal urethral sphincter must open
- External urethral sphincter must open
Describe incontinence and what are some causes?
inability to control micturition voluntarily.
- weakened pelvic floor muscles
- pregnancy
What is stress incontinence?
What is urinary retention?
The bladder is unable to expel urine.
What are some causes of urinary retention?
- post general anesthesia
- enlarged prostate
What is Renal Failure
Occurs when there are not enough functioning nephrons and filtration formation is reduced or stopped.
What are some causes of renal failure?
repeated damage to kidneys - through infections
physcial injury to kidneys
prolonged pressure on skeletal muscles
inadequate blood delivery to tubules
nitrogenous waste accumulates and blood becomes acidic (diarrhea, vomiting, edema, laboured breathing, cardiac irregularities)
Can also be present with anemia
What are the treatment options for renal failure?
dialysis is needed once symptoms are apparent and kidney function is below 25%
What is hemodialysis?
an artificial kidney machine that passes the patient’s blood through a membrane tubing that is permeable only to selected substances. The tubing is immersed in a solution that slightly differs from clean plasma. As blood circulates through the tubing, substances such as nitrous waste and K+ present in the blood diffuse out, which substances required can be added to the blood.
What is Peritoneal Dialysis
Works by using the blood vessels of the peritoneal membrane. Dialysate is infused into the peritoneal cavity through a catheter; dialysate, composed mostly of salts and sugar, encourages filtration through the peritoneum. extra fluid and waste is drawn from the blood into the dialysate, which is then removed.
How many types of peritoneal dialysis are there?
2
Name the 2 types of peritoneal dialysis
- continuous ambulatory dialysis (CAPD)
- COntinuous Cycling Peritoneal Dialysis (CCPD)
Explain CAPD
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis usually is done 4-5 times a day. The patient puts dialysate (2L) into the peritoneal cavity through the catheter. Dialysate stays there for 4-5 hours before it is drained back into the bag and thrown away. There is a new bag of dialysate for each exchange
Explain CCPD
Usually done at home using a special machine called cycler. This is similar to CAPD, except that a number of chuckles (exchanges) occur. Each cycle usually lasts 1.5 hours, and exchanges are usually done during the night while the patient is sleeping
Define Intracellular fluid compartment (ICF)
fluid within the cells. Usually, 60% of the total body fluid
Define Extracellular fluid compartments (ECF)
body fluid found outside of the cell in 2 different areas: plasma and interstitial fluid. About 40% of total body fluid
What are the 2 components of extracellualr fluid compartments?
Plasma = 20%
Interstitial Fluid (IF) = 80%
name some of the fluids ECF includes:
lymphatic fluids
CSF
Synovial Fluids
GI secretions
What is the difference between an electrolyte and a non-electrolyte?
electrolytes have a greater osmotic power than non electrolytes
What is water balance?
Water intake must equal water output
if 60% of urinary output is from the kidneys, where does the other 40% of output come from?
Lungs, skin, sweat, feces
what is the body’s response in increased plasma osmolality (280-300mOsm)
Thirst –> Increase water intake
Increase in ADH release —> increased renal water reabsorption
